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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Using Temperature to Reduce Noise in Quantum Frequency Conversion

Paulina S. Kuo, Jason S. Pelc, Carsten Langrock, M. M. Fejer

Published Jan 1, 2018• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A main source of noise in quantum frequency conversion is spontaneous Raman scattering, which can be reduced by lowering the operating temperature. We show reduction in dark count rates that agrees well with theory.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_si.2018.sm2d.5

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Quantum frequency conversion is important in quantum networks to interface nodes operating at different wavelengths and to enable long-distance quantum communication using telecommunications wavelengths. Unfortunately, frequency conversion in actual devices is not a noise-free process. One main source of noise is spontaneous Raman scattering, which can be reduced by lowering the device operating temperature. We explore frequency conversion of 1554 nm photons to 837 nm using a 1813 nm pump in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide device. By reducing the temperature from 85°C to 40°C, we show a three-fold reduction in dark count rates, which is in good agreement with theory.
Hybrid quantum networks will be based on nodes that operate at different wavelengths, requiring quantum channel standardization via quantum frequency conversion (QFC). QFC is typically based on highly efficient sum- or difference-frequency generation in second-order nonlinear materials, such as periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides. The presence of the strong pump beam in such a nonlinear medium leads to unwanted nonlinear processes that produce noise. One of these noise processes is spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS). Typically, the pump is chosen to be the longest wavelength in the second-order nonlinear mixing process so that noise photons at the signal wavelength are produced by the less efficient anti-Stokes Raman scattering process rather than the Stokes scattering process. Since SRS is a temperature-dependent process, lowering the temperature reduces the Raman-scattered photons. We discuss the theory of temperature-dependent Raman scattering and present experimental results of the temperature dependence of dark count rates in a guided-wave QFC device.
Four-wave mixing in the form of Bragg scattering (BS) has been predicted to enable quantum noise-less frequency conversion by analytic quantum approaches. Using a semi-classical description of quantum noise that accounts for loss and stimulated and spontaneous Raman scattering, which are not currently described in existing quantum approaches, we quantify the impacts of these effects on the conversion efficiency and on the quantum noise properties of BS in terms of an induced noise figure (NF). We give an approximate closed-form expression for the BS conversion efficiency that includes loss and stimulated Raman scattering, and we derive explicit expressions for the Raman-induced NF from the semi-classical approach used here. We find that Raman scattering induces a NF in the BS process that is comparable to the 3-dB NF associated with linear amplifiers
Four-wave mixing in the form of Bragg scattering (BS) has been predicted to enable quantum noise-less frequency conversion by analytic quantum approaches. Using a semi-classical description of quantum noise that accounts for loss and stimulated and spontaneous Raman scattering, which are not currently described in existing quantum approaches, we quantify the impacts of these effects on the conversion efficiency and on the quantum noise properties of BS in terms of an induced noise figure (NF). We give an approximate closed-form expression for the BS conversion efficiency that includes loss and stimulated Raman scattering, and we derive explicit expressions for the Raman-induced NF from the semi-classical approach used here. We find that Raman scattering induces a NF in the BS process that is comparable to the 3-dB NF associated with linear amplifiers.