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Entropy

Nonclassicality by Local Gaussian Unitary Operations for Gaussian States

Yangyang Wang, Xiaofei Qi, Jinchuan Hou

Published Apr 11, 2018• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A measure of nonclassicality N in terms of local Gaussian unitary operations for bipartite Gaussian states is introduced. N is a faithful quantum correlation measure for Gaussian states as product states have no such correlation and every non product Gaussian state contains it. For any bipartite Gaussian state ρ A B , we always have 0 ≤ N ( ρ A B ) < 1 , where the upper bound 1 is sharp. An explicit formula of N for ( 1 + 1 ) -mode Gaussian states and an estimate of N for ( n + m ) -mode Gaussian states are presented. A criterion of entanglement is established in terms of this correlation. The quantum correlation N is also compared with entanglement, Gaussian discord and Gaussian geometric discord.

DOI
10.3390/e20040266

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A measure of nonclassicality N in terms of local Gaussian unitary operations for bipartite Gaussian states is introduced. N is a faithful quantum correlation measure for Gaussian states as product states have no such correlation and every non product Gaussian state contains it. For any bipartite Gaussian state ρ A B , we always have 0 ≤ N ( ρ A B ) < 1 , where the upper bound 1 is sharp. An explicit formula of N for ( 1 + 1 ) -mode Gaussian states and an estimate of N for ( n + m ) -mode Gaussian states are presented. A criterion of entanglement is established in terms of this correlation. The quantum correlation N is also compared with entanglement, Gaussian discord and Gaussian geometric discord.
We propose a measure of nonclassical correlation [Formula: see text] in terms of local Gaussian unitary operations based on square of the fidelity [Formula: see text] for bipartite continuous-variable systems. This quantity is easier to be calculated or estimated and is a remedy for the local ancilla problem associated with the geometric measurement-induced nonlocality. A simple computation formula of [Formula: see text] for any [Formula: see text]-mode Gaussian states is presented and an estimation of [Formula: see text] for any [Formula: see text]-mode Gaussian states is given. For any [Formula: see text]-mode Gaussian states, [Formula: see text] does not increase after performing a local Gaussian channel on the unmeasured subsystem. Comparing [Formula: see text] in scale with other quantum correlations such as Gaussian geometric discord for two-mode symmetric squeezed thermal states reveals that [Formula: see text] is much better in detecting quantum correlations of Gaussian states.
We propose a measure of nonclassical correlations in bipartite quantum states based on local unitary operations. We prove that the measure is nonzero if and only if the quantum discord is nonzero; this is achieved via a new characterization of zero discord states in terms of the state's correlation matrix. Moreover, our scheme can be extended to ensure that the same relationship holds even with a generalized version of quantum discord in which higher-rank projective measurements are allowed. We next derive a closed-form expression for our scheme in the cases of Werner states and $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N)$-dimensional systems. The latter reveals that for $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N)$-dimensional states, our measure reduces to the geometric discord [Daki\ifmmode \acute{c}\else \'{c}\fi{} et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 190502 (2010)]. A connection to the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality is shown. We close with a characterization of all maximally nonclassical, yet separable, $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N)$-dimensional states of rank at most 2 (with respect to our measure).
A quantum correlation N F G , A for ( n + m ) -mode continuous-variable systems is introduced in terms of local Gaussian unitary operations performed on Subsystem A based on Uhlmann fidelity F. This quantity is a remedy for the local ancilla problem associated with the geometric measurement-induced correlations; is local Gaussian unitary invariant; is non-increasing under any Gaussian quantum channel performed on Subsystem B;and is an entanglement monotone when restricted to pure Gaussian states in the ( 1 + m ) -mode case. A concrete formula for ( 1 + 1 ) -mode symmetric squeezed thermal states (SSTSs) is presented. We also compare N F G , A with other quantum correlations in scale, such as Gaussian quantum discord and Gaussian geometric discord, for two-mode SSTSs, which reveals that N F G , A has some advantage in detecting quantum correlations of Gaussian states.
Quantum discord, a measure of genuinely quantum correlations, is generalized to continuous variable systems. For all two-mode Gaussian states, we calculate analytically the quantum discord and a related measure of classical correlations, solving an optimization over all Gaussian measurements. Almost all two-mode Gaussian states are shown to have quantum correlations, while for separable states, the discord is smaller than unity. For a given amount of entanglement, it admits tight upper and lower bounds. Via a duality between entanglement and classical correlations, we derive a closed formula for the Gaussian entanglement of formation of a family of three-mode Gaussian states.
We study general quantum correlations of continuous variable Gaussian states and their interplay with entanglement. Specifically, we investigate the existence of a quantum protocol activating all nonclassical correlations between the subsystems of an input bipartite continuous variable system, into output entanglement between the system and a set of ancillae. For input Gaussian states, we prove that such an activation protocol cannot be accomplished with Gaussian operations, as the latter are unable to create any output entanglement from an initial separable yet nonclassical state in a worst-case scenario. We then construct a faithful non-Gaussian activation protocol, encompassing infinite-dimensional generalizations of controlled-not gates to generate entanglement between system and ancillae, in direct analogy with the finite-dimensional case. We finally calculate the negativity of quantumness, an operational measure of nonclassical correlations defined in terms of the performance of the activation protocol, for relevant classes of two-mode Gaussian states.
We theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a nonclassicality test of a single-mode field in phase space, which has an analogy with the nonlocality test proposed by Banaszek and Wódkiewicz [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2009 (1999)]. Our approach to deriving the classical bound draws on the fact that the Wigner function of a coherent state is a product of two independent distributions as if the orthogonal quadratures (position and momentum) in phase space behave as local realistic variables. Our method detects every pure nonclassical Gaussian state, which can also be extended to mixed states. Furthermore, it sets a bound for all Gaussian states and their mixtures, thereby providing a criterion to detect a genuine quantum non-Gaussian state. Remarkably, our phase-space approach with invariance under Gaussian unitary operations leads to an optimized test for a given non-Gaussian state. We experimentally show how this enhanced method can manifest quantum non-Gaussianity of a state by simply choosing phase-space points appropriately, which is essentially equivalent to implementing a squeezing operation on a given state.