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Physical Review A

Manipulation of tripartite frequency correlation under extended phase matchings

Qun-Yong Zhang, Guang-Tai Xue, Ping Xu, Yan-Xiao Gong, Zhenda Xie, Shining N. Zhu

Published Feb 20, 2018• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate how to manipulate the tripartite frequency correlation of triplets which are generated from cascaded spontaneous parametric down-conversions. A monolithic quadratic nonlinear crystal is designed to contain two segments of periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide as nonlinear mediums to produce cascaded photon pairs both under phase-matching and group-velocity-matching conditions. By choosing proper pump bandwidth and crystal length, the tripartite frequency will show a full correlation, partial correlation, or no correlation, corresponding an inseparable triplet, separable one photon and biphoton, or three separable photons, respectively. This opens up a way to manipulate the tripartite correlation, which is important for understanding quantum fundamentals and also can supply key elements for developing new quantum technologies.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.97.022327

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We investigate how to manipulate the tripartite frequency correlation of triplets which are generated from cascaded spontaneous parametric down-conversions. A monolithic quadratic nonlinear crystal is designed to contain two segments of periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide as nonlinear mediums to produce cascaded photon pairs both under phase-matching and group-velocity-matching conditions. By choosing proper pump bandwidth and crystal length, the tripartite frequency will show a full correlation, partial correlation, or no correlation, corresponding an inseparable triplet, separable one photon and biphoton, or three separable photons, respectively. This opens up a way to manipulate the tripartite correlation, which is important for understanding quantum fundamentals and also can supply key elements for developing new quantum technologies.
Frequency conversion of single photons is an important technology for quantum interface and quantum communication networks. Here, single-photon frequency conversion in the telecommunication band is experimentally demonstrated via cascaded quadratic nonlinear processes. Using cascaded quasi-phase-matched sum and difference frequency generation in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide, the signal photon of a photon pair from spontaneous down-conversion is precisely shifted to identically match its counterpart, i.e., the idler photon, in frequency to manifest a clear nonclassical dip in the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. Moreover, quantum entanglement between the photon pair is maintained after the frequency conversion, as is proved in time-energy entanglement measurement. The scheme is used to switch single photons between dense wavelength-division multiplexing channels, which holds great promise in applications in realistic quantum networks.
Counter-propagating parametric conversion processes in non-linear bulk crystals have been shown to feature unique properties for efficient narrowband frequency conversion. In quantum optics, the generation of photon pairs with a counter-propagating parametric down-conversion process (PDC) in a waveguide, where signal and idler photons propagate in opposite directions, offers unique material-independent engineering capabilities. However, realizing counter-propagating PDC necessitates quasi-phase-matching (QPM) with extremely short poling periods. Here, we report on the generation of counter-propagating single-photon pairs in a self-made periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide with a poling period on the same order of magnitude as the generated wavelength. The single photons of the biphoton state bridge GHz and THz bandwidths with a separable joint temporal-spectral behavior. Furthermore, they allow the direct observation of the temporal envelope of heralded single photons with state-of-the art photon counters.
The process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in nonlinear crystals makes it fairly easy to generate entangled photon states. It has been known for some time that the conversion efficiency can be improved by employing quasi-phase-matching in periodically poled crystals. Using two single-photon detectors, we have analyzed the photon pairs generated by SPDC in a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal pumped by a femtosecond laser. Several parameters could be varied in our setup, allowing us to obtain data in close agreement with both thermal and Poissonian photon-pair distributions.
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Entangled photons, which may be generated through the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in a crystal with /spl chi//sup (2)/ nonlinearity, have long been in the spotlight for quantum-optics experiments. The generation of entangled photons by quasi-phase matching (QPM) in lithium niobate offers the promise of increased photon-pair production and, with the integration of a waveguide structure, control of the spatial characteristics of the down-converted photons. It turns out that the use of a waveguide structure, in conjunction with periodic poling to achieve quasi-phase matching, offers another critically important feature: the possibility of generating counterpropagating signal and idler photons. We consider the conditions required for generating counterpropagating photon beams and explore some of the unique properties of this source of light using a periodically poled LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguide.
Here we investigate the all-optical control of spectral correlations in spontaneous parametric down-conversion. We show that when photon pairs are projected onto high-order spatial modes, the spatial structure of the pump field defines the phase-matching function of the nonlinear interaction. Thus, by structuring the pump field in both space and spectrum, the biphoton spectral correlations are fully controlled. Considering a standard periodically-poled crystal as the nonlinear medium, we show that the Gouy phase matching method proposed here can generate both spectrally uncorrelated and high-dimensional spectrally entangled photon pairs, similarly to what is achieved with aperiodically-poled crystals. Furthermore, we show that our method can generate a wider class of quantum states if the pump field is a spatiotemporal wavepacket, that is, if its spatial and spectral structures are correlated.