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Physical review. E

Size effects in finite systems with long-range interactions

Ernesto S. Loscar, C. M. Horowitz

Published Mar 6, 2018• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Small systems consisting of particles interacting with long-range potentials exhibit enormous size effects. The Tsallis conjecture [Tsallis, Fractals 3, 541 (1995)FRACEG0218-348X10.1142/S0218348X95000473], valid for translationally invariant systems with long-range interactions, states a well-known scaling relating different sizes. Here we propose to generalize this conjecture to systems with this symmetry broken, by adjusting one parameter that determines an effective distance to compute the strength of the interaction. We apply this proposal to the one-dimensional Ising model with ferromagnetic interactions that decay as 1/r^{1+σ} in the region where the model has a finite critical temperature. We demonstrate the convenience of using this generalization to study finite-size effects, and we compare this approach with the finite-size scaling theory.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.97.032103

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Small systems consisting of particles interacting with long-range potentials exhibit enormous size effects. The Tsallis conjecture [Tsallis, Fractals 3, 541 (1995)FRACEG0218-348X10.1142/S0218348X95000473], valid for translationally invariant systems with long-range interactions, states a well-known scaling relating different sizes. Here we propose to generalize this conjecture to systems with this symmetry broken, by adjusting one parameter that determines an effective distance to compute the strength of the interaction. We apply this proposal to the one-dimensional Ising model with ferromagnetic interactions that decay as 1/r^{1+σ} in the region where the model has a finite critical temperature. We demonstrate the convenience of using this generalization to study finite-size effects, and we compare this approach with the finite-size scaling theory.
A scaling hypothesis is set up for the magnetization m(T,H;L), susceptibility \ensuremath{\chi}(T,H;L), and correlation length \ensuremath{\xi}(T,H;L) of a finite-sized system, with O(n) symmetry (n\ensuremath{\ge}2) and long-range interactions decaying as 1/${r}^{d+\ensuremath{\sigma}}$ (0<\ensuremath{\sigma}<2), confined to geometry ${L}^{d\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}d\mathcal{'}}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${\ensuremath{\infty}}^{d\mathcal{'}}$ (\ensuremath{\sigma}<d<2\ensuremath{\sigma},d'\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\sigma}) and subjected to periodic boundary conditions. Finite-size effects are predicted, in the region of a first-order phase transition (TTc{T}_{c}Tc​) as well as in the region of a second-order phase transition (T\ensuremath{\simeq}Tc{T}_{c}Tc​), for different regimes of the parameters H and L. To test these predictions, a detailed analytical study is carried out in the case of the spherical model of ferromagnetism (n=\ensuremath{\infty}), and all predictions based on the scaling hypothesis are seen to be fully borne out. In situations where L\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\xi}, finite-size corrections to standard bulk values of the various physical quantities pertaining to these models are found to vary as (\ensuremath{\xi}/L${)}^{d+\ensuremath{\sigma}}$, rather than as ${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}L/\ensuremath{\xi}}$, which is characteristic of models with short-range interactions.
The critical behaviour of the one-dimensional Ising model with long-range ferromagnetic interactions decaying with distance r as 1/r 1+ sigma has been studied by scaling the range of interactions. Exact calculations have been done for a system with finite ranges up to the tenth neighbour for 0< sigma <or=1. Applying the range scaling, the critical temperature, critical exponent nu and the anomalous dimension of the order parameter have been calculated. Additional analysis of the convergence of the method has been performed by applying the Vanden Broeck and Schwartz extrapolation procedure in addition to the simple least-squares approximation and by evaluating the convergence exponents.
A numerically efficient transfer matrix (TM) approach is introduced to investigate the long-range Ising spin chain. Results obtained within this procedure are primarily used to verify the Tsallis scaling hypothesis for long-range systems with an alpha power-law decay of the interaction constants, both in the extensive (alpha>1) and nonextensive (alpha<1) regimes. Results for finite-size systems, taking into account all interactions between spins up to 24 sites apart, show that the conjecture is satisfied with a very good precision (less than 0.004%) for all temperature intervals. This TM procedure is further used to investigate several other thermodynamic and critical properties of this system, and it may also be extended to similar one-dimensional long-range systems.
Dimensional correspondences have a long history in critical phenomena. Here, we review the effective dimension approach, which relates the scaling exponents of a critical system in d spatial dimensions with power-law decaying interactions r^{d+σ} to a local system, i.e., with finite-range interactions, in an effective fractal dimension d_{eff}. This method simplifies the study of long-range models by leveraging known results from their local counterparts. While the validity of this approximation beyond the mean-field level has been long debated, we demonstrate that the effective dimension approach, while approximate for non-Gaussian fixed points, accurately estimates the critical exponents of long-range models with an accuracy typically larger than 97%. To do so, we review perturbative renormalization-group (RG) results, extend the approximation's validity using functional RG techniques, and compare our findings with precise numerical data from conformal bootstrap for the two-dimensional Ising model with long-range interactions.
The finite-size critical properties of the O(n) vector ϕ 4 model, with longrange interaction decaying algebraically with the interparticle distance r like r −d−σ, are investigated. The system is confined to a finite geometry subject to periodic boundary condition. Special attention is paid to the finite-size correction to the bulk susceptibility above the critical temperature Tc. We show that this correction has a power-law nature in the case of pure long-range interaction i.e. 0 < σ < 2 and it turns out to be exponential in case of shortrange interaction i.e. σ = 2. The results are valid for arbitrary dimension d, between the lower (d< = σ) and the upper (d> = 2σ) critical dimensions.