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Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B

Rydberg Atoms: From Determinism to Chaos

Nikolai N. Bezuglov, Gennady V. Golubkov, Andrey N. Klyucharev

Published Nov 1, 2017• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

R.F. Stebbings and F.B. Dunning were the editors of Rydberg States of Atoms and Molecules . Issued in 1983, this book actually reflected the emergence of a new field in atomic and molecular physics, which subsequently resulted in a number of applications in academic sciences and technology. In this paper, we analyze the results obtained in recent years for ionization processes in collisions of heavy particles with the participation of Rydberg atoms in a wide energy range. These results have been actively used in modern applications of atomic physics. In addition, we consider the influence of nonlinear resonant interaction of Rydberg complexes with electromagnetic waves on the rate of propagation of satellite signals in the atmosphere.

DOI
10.1134/s1990793117050177

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R.F. Stebbings and F.B. Dunning were the editors of Rydberg States of Atoms and Molecules . Issued in 1983, this book actually reflected the emergence of a new field in atomic and molecular physics, which subsequently resulted in a number of applications in academic sciences and technology. In this paper, we analyze the results obtained in recent years for ionization processes in collisions of heavy particles with the participation of Rydberg atoms in a wide energy range. These results have been actively used in modern applications of atomic physics. In addition, we consider the influence of nonlinear resonant interaction of Rydberg complexes with electromagnetic waves on the rate of propagation of satellite signals in the atmosphere.
List of contributors Preface 1. Rydberg atoms in astrophysics A. Dalgarno 2. Theoretical studies of hydrogen Rydberg atoms in electric fields R. J. Damburg and V. V. Kolosov 3. Rydberg atoms in strong fields D. Kleppner, Michael G. Littman and Myron L. Zimmerman 4. Spectroscopy of one- and two-electron Rydberg atoms C. Fabre and S. Haroche 5. Interaction of Rydberg atoms with blackbody radiation T. F. Gallagher 6. Theoretical approaches to low-energy collisions of Rydberg atoms with atoms and ions A. P. Hickman, R. E. Olson and J. Pascale 7. Experimental studies of the interaction of Rydberg atoms with atomic species at thermal energies F. Gounand and J. Berlande 8. Theoretical studies of collisions of Rydberg atoms with molecules Michio Matsuzawa 9. Experimental studies of thermal-energy collisions of Rydberg atoms with molecules F. B. Dunning and R. F. Stebbings 10. High-Rydberg molecules Robert S. Freund 11. Theory of Rydberg collisions with electrons, ions and neutrals M. R. Flannery 12. Experimental studies of the interactions of Rydberg atoms with charged particles J. -F. Delpech 13. Rydberg studies using fast beams Peter M. Koch Index.
In recent years, Rydberg atoms have been the subject of intense study, becoming the testing ground for several quantum mechanical problems. This book provides a comprehensive description of the physics of Rydberg atoms, highlighting their remarkable properties by reference to their behaviour in a wide range of physical situations. Following an overview of the basic properties of Rydberg atoms, their interactions with electric and magnetic fields are analysed in detail. The collisions of Rydberg atoms with neutral and charged species are described, and the use of multichannel quantum defect theory in the study of Rydberg atomic systems is discussed. Experimental and theoretical research in this extensive field is also reviewed, making the book valuable to both graduate students and established researchers in physics and physical chemistry.
Processes involving a change of orbital angular momentum l and the dissociation of Rydberg molecules when they collide with inert-gas atoms are considered, using a method based on analyzing the terms of the interacting systems. The proposed method makes it possible to take into account the perturbations in a large group of Rydberg states that weakly penetrate into the ion core and to go beyond the limits of the two-level approximations [R. F. Stebbings and F. B. Dunning, eds., Rydberg States of Atoms and Molecules (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983; Mir, Moscow, 1985)] widely used in the theory of l mixing with the participation of Rydberg atoms. Using the Na**( nd )+Xe reaction as an example, it is demonstrated that this method gives good results in a wide range of variation of the principal quantum number n of the Rydberg electron ( n ≈10–40). Features of the l mixing and dissociation of Rydberg molecules are studied for the H 2 **+Xe system. It is shown that collisional dissociation occurs by the formation of an intermediate Rydberg state of the molecules, followed by self-decay into a dissociative continuum.
Contemporary views on the formation of dynamic nonlinear resonances in isolated intermediate Rydberg quasi-molecular complexes formed by a single elementary act upon the slow collision highly excited atoms are discussed. A relation between the emergence of dynamic resonance and the quasi-intersection of atomic terms is revealed in the quasi-classical approximation. Relationships between the widths of dynamic resonances and the dipole matrix element leading to the corresponding quasi-intersections are determined. The physical reasons for the dynamic chaos regime are formulated. A quasi-classical statistical description is given of the diffusion ionization of an atomic complex with a dense network of quasi-intersections of terms. Development of the stochastic instability of the Rydberg electron trajectories due charge exchange inside the collision complex is considered. The effect the narrowing region of stochastic motion has when passing through the Coulomb convergence of the levels with a simultaneous drop in the ionization rate of quasi-molecular systems is predicted for external statistical magnetic and electric fields under conditions of Förster resonance.
Recent investigations of Rydberg atoms are described in an effort to give a picture of their properties, many of which can be understood from the behaviour of the Coulomb radial functions. The authors begin by a discussion of Coulomb wavefunctions, and progress to a description of the energy level structure. The behaviour of Rydberg atoms in electric fields is discussed to provide an understanding of the phenomenon and to show how electric field ionisation may be used as a tool in a wide variety of experiments. Unique opportunities to study the interaction with black-body radiation and vacuum fluctuations are discussed. A survey of the broad range of Rydberg atom collisions, with ground-state atoms and molecules, charged particles and other Rydberg atoms, is presented to show the different physical interactions responsible. This is followed by a brief summary of the study of autoionising Rydberg states, a stepping stone toward the elusive 'double Rydberg' atom. Finally typical experimental procedures are described.
Abstract Cold Rydberg atoms provide novel approaches to many-body problems and quantum simulation. To introduce the recent work presented in this special issue, we present here a quick history of a half-century research activity in the Rydberg-atom field, focusing our attention on the giant interactions between Rydberg atoms and other atoms. These interactions are the origin of many effects observed with Rydberg atoms: pressure shifts, dipole–dipole energy transfer, and avalanche-ionization. These effects have led to evidence of new bound chemical states, such as trilobites states, many-body effects in frozen Rydberg gases, and the spontaneous formation of ultra-cold plasmas. They open exciting new prospects at the intersection of atomic physics, condensed matter physics, and plasma physics.