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Modern Physics Letters B

Cryptanalysis of a semi-quantum secret sharing scheme based on Bell states

Gan Gao, Yue Wang, Dong Wang

Published Mar 16, 2018• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In the paper [Mod. Phys. Lett. B 31 (2017) 1750150], Yin et al. proposed a semi-quantum secret sharing scheme by using Bell states. We find that the proposed scheme cannot finish the quantum secret sharing task. In addition, we also find that the proposed scheme has a security loophole, that is, it will not be detected that the dishonest participant, Charlie attacks on the quantum channel.

DOI
10.1142/s0217984918501178

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In the paper [Mod. Phys. Lett. B 31 (2017) 1750150], Yin et al. proposed a semi-quantum secret sharing scheme by using Bell states. We find that the proposed scheme cannot finish the quantum secret sharing task. In addition, we also find that the proposed scheme has a security loophole, that is, it will not be detected that the dishonest participant, Charlie attacks on the quantum channel.
A recent paper proposed a semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) scheme based on Bell states [A. Yin et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. B. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217984917501500 ]. This protocol was presumed that only the sender has the quantum power and all participants perform classical operations. However, we find this protocol is not that secure as it is expected. We can utilize the intercept-resend method to attack this scheme. Then, we give an improvement strategy based on semi-quantum key distribution, which ensures that the new scheme resists the attack we have proposed.
Recently, a mutual semi-quantum key agreement protocol using Bell states is proposed by Yan et al. (Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 34, 1950294, 2019). The proposed protocol tries to help a quantum participant share a key with a classical participant who just has limited quantum capacities. Yan et al. claimed that both the participants have the same influence on the final shared key. However, this study points out that the classical participant can manipulate the final shared key by himself/herself without being detected. To solve this problem, an improved method is proposed here.
The security of a secret sharing protocol is compromised if one or more dishonest participants can reconstruct the secret by deviating from the prescribed protocol, particularly when such malicious behavior remains undetected. Semi-Quantum Secret Sharing (SQSS) is a variant of secret sharing in which the participants possess only classical capabilities, such as preparing and measuring qubits in the computational (ZZZ) basis, while a quantum-capable third party assists the dealer in generating and distributing quantum shares of a classical secret. The limited quantum capabilities of the participants in SQSS protocols may introduce vulnerabilities to collusion attacks, enabling an assisting quantum third party, in collaboration with a dishonest classical participant, to jointly recover the secret even without detection. In this work, we propose a novel SQSS protocol that eliminates this vulnerability and achieves information-theoretic security against collusion attacks. We further prove that the proposed protocol is secure against a broad class of external and internal attacks. Finally, a comparative analysis demonstrates that our construction advances existing SQSS protocols by simultaneously optimizing qubit efficiency, involves a classical dealer, and resilience against DCNA attacks using basic Bell states.