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Molecular Physics

Exploration of the molecular ro-vibrational energy structure: on the perspective of Yb2 and Cd2 internal cooling, and 171Yb-version of Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen experiment

Tomasz Urbańczyk, M. Strojecki, J. Koperski

Published Feb 22, 2018• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Schemes for internal ro-vibrational cooling in Yb2 and Cd2, as well as 171Yb Bohm's spin-1/2 particle version of the Einstein‒Podolsky‒Rosen experiment based on photo-dissociation of (171Yb)2 are presented. The schemes are based on exploration of the rotational and vibrational energy structures using both theoretical and experimental approaches.

DOI
10.1080/00268976.2018.1439538

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Schemes for internal ro-vibrational cooling in Yb2 and Cd2, as well as 171Yb Bohm's spin-1/2 particle version of the Einstein‒Podolsky‒Rosen experiment based on photo-dissociation of (171Yb)2 are presented. The schemes are based on exploration of the rotational and vibrational energy structures using both theoretical and experimental approaches.
Method of ro-vibrational cooling of Cd2 and Yb2 molecules occupying initially their excited ro-vibrational levels in the ground electronic state is proposed. The method employs the c31u(53P2)↔X10g+(51S0) and 30u+(63P1)↔X10g+(61S0) electronic transitions in Cd2 and Yb2, respectively. The cooling relies on a successive decrease of population of the ground-state vibrational υ″ and rotational J″ levels using a series of laser-induced excitations from a selected ground-state (υ″, J″) to the excited-state (υ′=υ″−1, J′=J″−1) ro-vibrational levels, followed by spontaneous de-excitations to the ground state. The proposal is an extension of the vibrational cooling method recently proposed by Urbańczyk et al. [Mol. Phys. 116, 3475–3486 (2018)].
Optical pumping techniques using laser fields combined with photo-association of ultracold atoms leads to control of the vibrational and/or rotational population of molecules. In this study, we review the basic concepts and main steps that should be followed, including the excitation schemes and detection techniques used to achieve ro-vibrational cooling of Cs 2 molecules. We also discuss the extension of this technique to other molecules. In addition, we present a theoretical model used to support the experiment. These simulations can be widely used for the preparation of various experiments because they allow the optimization of several important experimental parameters.
We have recently demonstrated that optical pumping methods combined with photo-association of ultra-cold atoms can produce ultra-cold and dense samples of molecules in their absolute rovibronic ground state. More generally, both the external and internal degrees of freedom can be cooled by addressing selected rovibrational levels on demand. Here, we recall the basic concepts and main steps of our experiments, including the excitation schemes and detection techniques we use to achieve the rovibrational cooling of Cs2 molecules. In addition, we present the determination of formation pathways and a theoretical analysis explaining the experimental observations. These simulations improve the spectroscopic knowledge required to transfer molecules to any desired rovibrational level.
The possibility of controlling all the motion as well as the internal quantum state of a sample of molecules is a long term goal in the cold molecules field. Although many different techniques have been used to produce ultra-cold molecules, in this paper, we will concentrate on the optical pumping technique successfully used to achieve rotational and vibrational cooling of Cs2molecules. We will review the different photo-association schemes for molecule formation, the detection schemes through photoionization, the ro-vibrational cooling into a single level and finally the electronic conversion. In addition, we will present a theoretical model for both ro-vibrational cooling and electronic conversion that can be used for the preparation of different experiments.
We present a theoretical approach for the simulation of the cooling of internal and external molecular degrees of freedom in a cavity. The idea is to sequentially depopulate excited ro-vibrational levels by vacuum-stimulated Raman scattering into the mode of a high-finesse cavity. As a model system we choose the OH radical. By using a combination of ab initio quantum chemical and experimental data we are able to determine the internal energy level structure and the transition frequencies and strengths needed for our cooling scheme. We take into account the perturbing spontaneous and the coherent Raman processes amplified by the cavity to get a realistic model. This gives us insight in the cooling process and lets us predict the time scales needed to prepare a molecule in its ground state.