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Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC)

Tomlinson-Harashima precoding for physical layer security in MIMO-OFDM systems

Satoru Nakajima, Takahiko Saba

Published Dec 1, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper proposes a physical layer security technique using Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems under the presence of a passive eavesdropper. In the proposed scheme, a transmitter performs THP considering both the channel for the legitimate receiver and the randomly generated channel for an imaginary receiver which does not exist actually. Since the imaginary receiver's channel is arbitrarily generated at the transmitter, the eavesdropper cannot estimate it. Therefore, the proposed scheme can provide secure communications. Moreover, in THP, the transmitter performs the precoding so that the diversity can be obtained at the receiver. Therefore, the proposed scheme can achieve a higher mutual information. From simulation results, we show that the proposed scheme achieves a better mutual information compared to the existing artificial fast fading schemes.

DOI
10.23919/apcc.2017.8304053

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This paper proposes a physical layer security technique using Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems under the presence of a passive eavesdropper. In the proposed scheme, a transmitter performs THP considering both the channel for the legitimate receiver and the randomly generated channel for an imaginary receiver which does not exist actually. Since the imaginary receiver's channel is arbitrarily generated at the transmitter, the eavesdropper cannot estimate it. Therefore, the proposed scheme can provide secure communications. Moreover, in THP, the transmitter performs the precoding so that the diversity can be obtained at the receiver. Therefore, the proposed scheme can achieve a higher mutual information. From simulation results, we show that the proposed scheme achieves a better mutual information compared to the existing artificial fast fading schemes.
This paper proposes a new physical layer security scheme for multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems under the presence of a passive eavesdropper. In the proposed scheme, the base station (BS) assumes a nonexistent receiver and its corresponding channel responses arbitrarily. Such a receiver and channels are called the imaginary receiver and the imaginary channels in this paper, respectively. By generating a precoding matrix in consideration of the arbitrary imaginary channels, an eavesdropper cannot obtain the precoding matrix used at transmission. Therefore, the eavesdropper cannot demodulate the received signals. Simulation results show that the proposed transmission scheme achieves a higher secrecy rate than the well-known schemes that use artificial noise and artificial fast fading.
In this paper, we propose novel non-linear precoders for the downlink of a multi-user MIMO system in the existence of multiple eavesdroppers. The proposed non-linear precoders are designed to improve the physical-layer secrecy rate. Specifically, we combine the non-linear successive optimization Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (SO-THP) with the generalized matrix inversion (GMI) technique to maximize the physical-layer secrecy rate. For the purpose of comparison, we examine different traditional precoders with the proposed algorithm in terms of secrecy rate as well as bit error rate (BER) performance. We also investigate simplified generalized matrix inversion (S-GMI) and lattice-reduction (LR) techniques in order to efficiently compute the parameters of the precoders. We further conduct computational complexity and secrecy-rate analysis of the proposed and existing algorithms. In addition, in the scenario without knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) to the eavesdroppers, a strategy of injecting artificial noise (AN) prior to the transmission is employed to enhance the physical-layer secrecy rate. Simulation results show that the proposed non-linear precoders outperform existing precoders in terms of BER and secrecy-rate performance.
In physical-layer security, secret bits are extracted from wireless channels. With the assumption of channel reciprocity, the legitimate users share the same channel which is independent of the channels between the legitimate users and the eavesdropper, leading to secure transmissions. However, practical implementation of the physical layer security faces many challenges. First, for the correlated channel such as the multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) channel, the security is decreased due to the correlation between the generated secret bits. Second, the nearby eavesdropper posts a security threat due to observing the same channel as the legitimate user's. Third, the eavesdroppers might try to reconstruct the wireless environments. In this paper, we propose two practical physical layer security schemes for the MIMO orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems: the precoding matrix index (PMI)-based secret key generation with rotation matrix (MOPRO) and the channel quantization-based (MOCHA) scheme. The former utilizes PMI and rotated reference signals to prevent the eavesdroppers from learning the secret key information and the latter applies channel quantization in order to extract more secret key bits. It is shown that not only the secure communication but also the MIMO gain can be guaranteed by using the proposed schemes.
Artificial fast fading (AFF) is one of the physical layer security schemes that achieve secure communications. In the AFF scheme, the signal to be transmitted is multiplied by a random weight which is called the AFF weight. As a result, the effect like fast fading is added to the transmitting signal, and the demodulation performance of an eavesdropper is degraded. In contrast, since the AFF weight is generated to be canceled out by the effect of channel between a transmitter and a legitimate receiver, it does not degrade the demodulation performance of the legitimate receiver. In the existing AFF scheme, only single-stream transmission is considered. However, recent wireless communications systems mostly adopt multiple-stream transmission. In this paper, we propose an AFF generation scheme for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Simulation results show that the AFF produced by our AFF generation scheme is successfully canceled out at the legitimate receiver, and the mutual information of the legitimate receiver is increased along with the number of transmitted streams.
Physical layer security has been considered as an important security approach in wireless communications to protect legitimate transmission from passive eavesdroppers. This paper investigates the physical layer security of a wireless multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system in the presence of a multiple-antenna eavesdropper. We first propose a transmit-filter-assisted secure MIMO-OFDM system which can destroy the orthogonality of eavesdropper's signals. Our proposed transmit filter can disturb the reception of eavesdropper while maintaining the quality of legitimate transmission. Then, we propose another artificial noise (AN)-assisted secure MIMO-OFDM system to further improve the security of the legitimate transmission. The time-domain AN signal is designed to disturb the reception of eavesdropper while the legitimate transmission will not be affected. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the security performance of the proposed transmit filter design and AN-assisted scheme in the MIMO-OFDM system.
We consider secure downlink multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) communications between a transmitter and multiple users when there exists a passive eavesdropper. A downlink main channel between the transmitter and a user is estimated through uplink pilot symbols in a time-division duplex mode. On the other hand, to hinder an eavesdropper from estimating the eavesdropper channel between the transmitter and the eavesdropper, the transmitter does not send any pilot symbols. The main channel is hence available at the transmitter only, while the eavesdropper channel is unavailable at any node. Assuming these channel state information (CSI) conditions, we propose a MIMO transmission method using space–time line code (STLC) with artificial noise (AN) for enhancing the physical layer security. The STLC enables noncoherent detection at the receiver, i.e., a user, without CSI and achieves full spatial diversity. We derive the lower bound of the secrecy sum rate for the proposed STLC transmission method without AN, with AN, and with AN and imperfect CSI. Moreover, numerical results verify that the proposed STLC scheme outperforms the conventional eigen-beamforming and the precoding space-time block code in terms of secrecy sum rate regardless of the signal-to-noise ratio, the number of transmit antennas, and the CSI uncertainty.