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Universal Noise and Heating in Continuous Measurements of Interacting Fermions

Shun Uchino, Masahito Ueda, Jean-Philippe Brantut

Published Feb 12, 2018• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

We investigate continuous dispersive measurements of the number of interacting fermionic atoms in an optical cavity. We derive closed expressions for the noise spectral density and the heating rate due to measurement back-action in the weak-measurement limit, and show that in experimentally relevant regimes they are both universally expressed in terms of Tan's contact. We propose an experimental scheme for real-time continuous probes of current and current noise in mesoscopic structures in a two-terminal setup, and show that the direct measurement of the atomic current shot noise over a single realization of the experiment is achievable.

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We investigate continuous dispersive measurements of the number of interacting fermionic atoms in an optical cavity. We derive closed expressions for the noise spectral density and the heating rate due to measurement back-action in the weak-measurement limit, and show that in experimentally relevant regimes they are both universally expressed in terms of Tan's contact. We propose an experimental scheme for real-time continuous probes of current and current noise in mesoscopic structures in a two-terminal setup, and show that the direct measurement of the atomic current shot noise over a single realization of the experiment is achievable.
We propose and analyze continuous measurements of atom number and atomic currents using dispersive probing in an optical cavity. For an atom-number measurement in a closed system, we relate both the detection noise and the heating rate due to measurement backaction to Tan's contact and identify an emergent universal quantum nondemolition (QND) regime in the good-cavity limit. We then show that such a continuous QND measurement of atom number serves as a quantum-limited current transducer in a two-terminal setup. We derive a universal bound on the precision of the current measurement, which results from a trade-off between detection noise and backaction of the atomic current measurement. Our results apply regardless of the strength of interaction or the state of matter and set fundamental bounds on future precision measurements of transport properties in cold-atom quantum simulators.
Using cold atoms strongly coupled to a high finesse optical cavity, we have performed real-time continuous measurement of single atomic trajectories in terms of the interaction energy (Eint) with the cavity. Individual transit events reveal a shot-noise limited measurement (fractional) sensitivity of 4×10−4/Hz to variations in Eint/ℏ within a bandwidth of 1–300 kHz. The strong coupling of atom and cavity leads to a maximum interaction energy greater than the kinetic energy of an intracavity laser-cooled atom, even under weak cavity excitation. Evidence of mechanical light forces for intracavity photon number <1 has been observed. The quantum character of the nonlinear optical response of the atom-cavity system is manifested for the trajectory of a single atom.
Ultracold atoms are an ideal platform for understanding system-reservoir dynamics of many-body systems. Here, we study quantum back-action in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, weakly interacting with a far-from resonant, i.e., dispersively interacting, probe laser beam. The light scattered by the atoms can be considered as a part of quantum measurement process, whereby the change in the system state derives from measurement back-action. We experimentally quantify the resulting back-action in terms of the deposited energy. We model the interaction of the system and environment with a generalized measurement process, leading to a Markovian reservoir. Further, we identify two systematic sources of heating and loss: a stray optical lattice and probe-induced light-assisted collisions (an intrinsic atomic process). The observed heating and loss rates are larger for blue detuning than for red detuning, where they are oscillatory functions of detuning with increased loss at molecular resonances and reduced loss between molecular resonances.
Using laser-cooled atoms strongly coupled to a high finesse optical cavity, we have performed real-time continuous measurements of single atomic trajectories in terms of the interaction energy (E/sub int/) with the cavity. Individual transit events reveal a shot-noise limited measurement (fractional) sensitivity of 4/spl times/10/sup -4///spl radic/Hz to variations in E/sub int///spl planck/ within a bandwidth of 1300 kHz. The strong coupling of atom and cavity leads to a maximum interaction energy greater than the kinetic energy of an intracavity laser-cooled atom, even under weak cavity excitation. Evidence of mechanical light forces for intracavity photon number <1 has been observed. The quantum character of the nonlinear optical response of the atom-cavity system is manifested for the trajectory of a single atom.
We are interested in dynamics of quantum many-body systems under continuous observation, and its physical realizations involving cold atoms in lattices. In the present work we focus on continuous measurement of atomic currents in lattice models, including the Hubbard model. We describe a Cavity QED setup, where measurement of a homodyne current provides a faithful representation of the atomic current as a function of time. We employ the quantum optical description in terms of a diffusive stochastic Schr\"odinger equation to follow the time evolution of the atomic system conditional to observing a given homodyne current trajectory, thus accounting for the competition between the Hamiltonian evolution and measurement back action. As an illustration, we discuss minimal models of atomic dynamics and continuous current measurement on rings with synthetic gauge fields, involving both real space and synthetic dimension lattices (represented by internal atomic states). Finally, by ``not reading'' the current measurements the time evolution of the atomic system is governed by a master equation, where---depending on the microscopic details of our CQED setups---we effectively engineer a current coupling of our system to a quantum reservoir. This provides interesting scenarios of dissipative dynamics generating ``dark'' pure quantum many-body states.
We explore the effects of continuous number density measurement on atoms in an optical lattice. By integrating a master equation for quantum observables, we calculate how single-particle correlations decay. We consider weakly and strongly interacting bosons and noninteracting fermions. Even in the Mott regime, such measurements destroy correlations and increase the average energy, as long as some hopping is allowed. We explore the role of spatial resolution and find that the heating rate is proportional to the amount of information gained from such measurements.