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Mixing and Asymptotic Decoupling Properties in General Probabilistic Theory

Yuuya Yoshida, Masahito Hayashi

Published Jan 10, 2018• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

We investigate the ergodic and mixing properties for dynamics in the framework of general probabilistic theory as well as the decoupling properties with an asymptotic setting, where the ergodicity is defined as the convergence of the long time average state and the mixing condition is defined as the combination of the ergodicity and aperiodicity. In this paper, we give relations between the mixing and asymptotically decoupling conditions. In addition, we give conditions equivalent to the mixing one. One of them is useful in determining whether a given dynamical map is mixing or not, by calculation because this condition results in a system of linear equations. We apply our result to the studies on the irreducibility and the primitivity.

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We investigate the ergodic and mixing properties for dynamics in the framework of general probabilistic theory as well as the decoupling properties with an asymptotic setting, where the ergodicity is defined as the convergence of the long time average state and the mixing condition is defined as the combination of the ergodicity and aperiodicity. In this paper, we give relations between the mixing and asymptotically decoupling conditions. In addition, we give conditions equivalent to the mixing one. One of them is useful in determining whether a given dynamical map is mixing or not, by calculation because this condition results in a system of linear equations. We apply our result to the studies on the irreducibility and the primitivity.
We address asymptotic decoupling in the context of Markovian quantum dynamics. Asymptotic decoupling is an asymptotic property on a bipartite quantum system, and asserts that any correlation between two quantum systems is broken after a sufficiently long time passes. In this paper, we show that asymptotic decoupling is equivalent to local mixing which asserts the convergence to a unique stationary state on at least one quantum system. If dynamics is asymptotically decoupling, any correlation between two quantum systems is broken exponentially. Also, we give a criterion of mixing that is a system of linear equations. All results in this paper are proved in the framework of general probabilistic theories, but we also summarize them in quantum theory.
We study quantum dynamics through the lens of entanglement generation and characterize the underlying unitary evolution by the distinct signatures it imprints on the time-dependent entangling power. For a unitary operator, we characterize ergodicity by the equality between its long-time-averaged entangling power and the Haar-averaged linear entropy. We define mixing more stringently as the convergence of the time-dependent entangling power itself to the Haar value at long times. Within this framework, we establish the ergodic hierarchy of dynamical behavior, showing in particular that mixing implies ergodicity, whereas ergodicity does not necessarily imply mixing. As an application, we find that two-qubit unitary gates are neither ergodic nor mixing: their long-time-averaged entangling power can take only four discrete values, none of which coincides with the Haar average. We then investigate many-body dynamics using the kicked Ising chain and find that the long-time-averaged entangling power converges to the Haar value in both integrable and nonintegrable cases, indicating ergodicity. Remarkably, however, the nonintegrable chain exhibits mixing, whereas the integrable chain, despite being ergodic, is demonstrably nonmixing. We also introduce a Lyapunov-like exponent to characterize the rate at which the time-dependent entangling power approaches its saturation value. We find that this exponent increases systematically with the degree of integrability breaking in the many-body system. Our results establish entanglement generation as a useful framework for characterizing dynamical systems and reveal qualitatively different signatures of integrability beyond conventional diagnostics.
We give a simple and physically intuitive necessary and sufficient condition for a map acting on a compact metric space to be mixing (i.e. infinitely many applications of the map transfer any input into a fixed convergency point). This is a generalization of the 'Lyapunov direct method'. First we prove this theorem in topological spaces and for arbitrary continuous maps. Finally we apply our theorem to maps which are relevant in open quantum systems and quantum information, namely quantum channels. In this context, we also discuss the relations between mixing and ergodicity (i.e. the property that there exists only a single input state which is left invariant by a single application of the map) showing that the two are equivalent when the invariant point of the ergodic map is pure.
We give a simple and physically intuitive necessary and sufficient condition for a map acting on a compact metric space to be mixing (i.e. infinitely many applications of the map transfer any input into a fixed convergency point). This is a generalization of the 'Lyapunov direct method'. First we prove this theorem in topological spaces and for arbitrary continuous maps. Finally we apply our theorem to maps which are relevant in open quantum systems and quantum information, namely quantum channels. In this context, we also discuss the relations between mixing and ergodicity (i.e. the property that there exists only a single input state which is left invariant by a single application of the map) showing that the two are equivalent when the invariant point of the ergodic map is pure.
The paper provides a systematic characterization of quantum ergodic and mixing channels in finite dimensions and a discussion of their structural properties. In particular, we discuss ergodicity in the general case where the fixed point of the channel is not a full-rank (faithful) density matrix. Notably, we show that ergodicity is stable under randomizations, namely that every random mixture of an ergodic channel with a generic channel is still ergodic. In addition, we prove several conditions under which ergodicity can be promoted to the stronger property of mixing. Finally, exploiting a suitable correspondence between quantum channels and generators of quantum dynamical semigroups, we extend our results to the realm of continuous-time quantum evolutions, providing a characterization of ergodic Lindblad generators and showing that they are dense in the set of all possible generators.