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IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security

The realization of key extraction based on USRP and OFDM channel response

Wei Cheng, Aidong Xu, Yixin Jiang, Hong Wen, Huanhuan Song, Kai Ouyang, Xiping Zhu

Published Oct 1, 2017• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The reciprocity of the wireless and the randomness of channel characteristic is the basis of physical layer key generation technology based on the channel. The complete key generation technologies include five steps that channel probing, channel feature extraction, quantification, reconciliation and privacy application. There are many theories and simulation prove the feasibility of key extraction and in this paper, the first four steps of key extraction are realized by using MIMO-OFDM system established by the USRP radio devices. This paper summarizes the physical layer key generation process, and introduces the method of extracting key from different literatures is used to realize the key extraction, so as to provide an important reference for further research on key generation technology.

DOI
10.1109/cns.2017.8228665

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The reciprocity of the wireless and the randomness of channel characteristic is the basis of physical layer key generation technology based on the channel. The complete key generation technologies include five steps that channel probing, channel feature extraction, quantification, reconciliation and privacy application. There are many theories and simulation prove the feasibility of key extraction and in this paper, the first four steps of key extraction are realized by using MIMO-OFDM system established by the USRP radio devices. This paper summarizes the physical layer key generation process, and introduces the method of extracting key from different literatures is used to realize the key extraction, so as to provide an important reference for further research on key generation technology.
Dynamic secret key generation from wireless channel characteristics is a promising technique for physical layer security. One of the important issues in this field is extending the secret key’s length while preserving its uniformity and randomness. This paper proposes a key generation method based on time-varying and the reciprocity of wireless channels for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) wireless communication systems. In the proposed technique, the complex impulse response (CIR) of the estimated channel state information (CSI) is extracted, and a quantization algorithm is designed to convert the maximum peaks of the CIR into secret key bits. The effectiveness of the proposed key generation technique is assessed in terms of the randomness of the produced key bits with different key lengths by using a statistical test suite of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The proposed technique is employed in the MIMO-OFDM systems with different modulation schemes through Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channels. The simulation results show that the secret keys with various key lengths generated from the proposed technique for the MIMO-OFDM systems guarantee randomness. Moreover, the proposed CSI-based key generation technique provides better effectiveness in terms of security when compared to some existing techniques.
With the rapid development of wireless networks, the application of wireless devices in the field of communication is be-coming increasingly widespread. However, the openness of wire-less channels makes them susceptible to various factors such as channel interference, leading to increased network security risks. This paper investigates a physical layer key generation scheme based on wireless channels and designs a complete system for key generation in one-to-many scenarios. The system includes four stages of the key generation scheme: channel measurement, quan-tization, key agreement, and privacy amplification. In the channel measurement stage, a sequence-based method is used to ensure signal reciprocity. Additionally, in the privacy amplification stage, a rule for key selection and combination is designed to make the key practically applicable. Finally, the performance and security of the system are experimentally tested and analyzed.
This paper presents a key generation system derived from the channel response of individual subcarrier in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Practical aspects of the security were investigated by implementing our key generation scheme on a wireless open-access research platform (WARP), which enables us to obtain channel estimation of individual OFDM subcarriers, a feature not currently available in most commercial wireless interface cards. Channel response of individual OFDM subcarrier is usually a wide sense stationary random process, which allows us to find the optimal probing period and maximize the key generation rate. The implementation requires cross layer design as it involves interaction between physical and MAC layer. We have experimentally verified the feasibility and principles of key generation, and also evaluated the performance of our system in terms of randomness, key generation rate and key disagreement rate, which proves that OFDM subcarrier's channel responses are valid for key generation.
Latest developments in wireless communication networks push the limits of conventional security methods. Security can be improved with a secret key that is dynamically generated based on the surrounding physical environment. With this objective, physical layer security approaches can be implemented by means of simple signal processing methods. In this paper, we propose novel key extraction approaches based on spatial and frequency characteristics of the wireless environment. In a 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM system, low key disagreement rates and key error rates are observed, proving the potential of physical layer key extraction techniques.
In this paper, a novel physical layer key generation method for extracting secret key from mutual channel information in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems has been proposed. Firstly, a well-designed data extraction process has been introduced to reduce the redundancy and inconsistency of channel state information (CSI). After that, a new quantization method using gray code is proposed. Furthermore, an associated method is designed to reduce key error rate (KER). With these improvements, higher key generation rate (KGR) can be obtained compared to existing methods. Finally, available secret keys have been generated after information reconciliation and privacy amplification. The proposed method has been analyzed and verified in long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) systems and the generated secret keys have passed randomness test.
Physical-layer key generation (PKG) leverages the reciprocity of wireless channel to distribute a symmetric secret key between two legitimate transceivers. This paper proposes an efficient and standard-compliant PKG scheme in 802.11 MIMO-OFDM (multiple-input multiple-output, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) networks. Firstly, we propose to extract secret keys from a novel feature referred to relative channel state information (RCSI), which can eliminate the non-reciprocity caused by transceiver mismatch and synchronization errors. Specifically, the RCSIs are derived through dividing the channel state informations (CSIs) of non-reference antennas by those of reference antennas. By setting the spatial mapping matrices of the sounding packets as permutation matrices, the reference antennas are determined implicitly without the need for information exchange. Secondly, based on the 802.11 low-density parity-check code (LDPC), we propose an adaptive information reconciliation algorithm, which is flexible to fit the various scenarios with different key lengths and bit disagreement ratios. At last, the overall PKG procedure with detailed frame format design is provided. The proposed scheme is evaluated through an 802.11ax link-level simulation. Numerical results show that the key generation rate of the proposed scheme can achieve 0.47~14Mbps for practical settings.