This paper discusses collaboration of autonomous unmanned systems in the presence of cyber-physical attacks, inspired by Quantum Entanglement (QE). QE describes a quantum state of correlated pairs or groups of particles as a whole while interacting, even for the particles separated by a large distance. The QE is a physical phenomenon at the molecular level and below, and the effects of QE would quickly be lost at the macroscopic scale due to the interactions of the system with the environment and the exchange of thermal radiation. However, entanglement between animals and in the biological domain have been suggested, such as the hypotheses of quantum computations, which rely on QE that is taking place in the brain, and quantum cooperation of two ants, or two distant butterflies. The present research discusses scenarios of autonomous systems maintaining their collaboration even if the communication is lost between them, and they are separated by a large distance, inspired by QE.
This paper discusses collaboration of autonomous unmanned systems in the presence of cyber-physical attacks, inspired by Quantum Entanglement (QE). QE describes a quantum state of correlated pairs or groups of particles as a whole while interacting, even for the particles separated by a large distance. The QE is a physical phenomenon at the molecular level and below, and the effects of QE would quickly be lost at the macroscopic scale due to the interactions of the system with the environment and the exchange of thermal radiation. However, entanglement between animals and in the biological domain have been suggested, such as the hypotheses of quantum computations, which rely on QE that is taking place in the brain, and quantum cooperation of two ants, or two distant butterflies. The present research discusses scenarios of autonomous systems maintaining their collaboration even if the communication is lost between them, and they are separated by a large distance, inspired by QE.
A quantum network may be realized by the entanglement of particles communicated by qubits between quantum computers, where the entangled photons of light are transferred for communication purposes. This technology has been proven to be feasible experimentally through free-space distribution of entangled photon pairs. Sending photons of light through nonlinear crystals produces correlated photon pairs, by splitting each photon into two half particles with each particle having the same level of energy, which results in entangled pairs. This entanglement is represented by photons, having both either horizontal or vertical polarization. This paper investigates collaborative robotic tasks of unmanned systems in a network where the agents are entangled. For instance, a leader robot sends two identical photons (e.g. with vertical polarization) to two follower robots/autonomous vehicles to communicate information about various tasks such as swarm, formation, trajectory tracking, path following and collaborative tasks. The potential advantages of quantum cooperation of robotic agents is the speed of the process, the ability to achieve security with immunity against cyberattacks, and fault tolerance, through entanglement. If a Quantum Network is implemented in a robotic application, it would present an effective solution; for example, for a group of unmanned systems working securely together. An analytical basis of such systems is investigated in this paper, and the formulation of quantum cooperation of unmanned systems is presented and discussed. The concept of experimental quantum entanglement, as well as quantum cryptography (QC), for robotics applications is presented.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have gone from single platforms that were remotely piloted to fully networked, autonomous cyber-physical systems that operate in the civilian, industrial and defense arenas. Their increasing reliance on wireless communication for command and control, cooperative sensing, distributed decision-making and swarm coordination has raised the level of communication security to the point where it has become a mission-critical requirement. Contemporary UAV security architectures are much based on classical public-key–based cryptography (RSA and elliptic are the most well-known) whose security assumptions become fundamentally vulnerable against the presence of large-scale quantum computing. This chapter gives a comprehensive and future-oriented discussion about post-quantum cryptography (PQC)-based security models for UAVs communication and information exchange networks. Quantum resistance should be applied not only at the algorithmic level but across the whole UAV communications trust stack, which is the main argument. Part I set the conceptual and technical ground by affecting a short range of the improvement of UAV communication systems, in articulating a system quantum-era threat model and giving a motivation for mission-adaptive, cross-layer security architectures. The discussion makes the long-term confidentiality, survivability of the system and continuing operation more robust, and the security of UAV with PQC enabled is no longer speculative, but is considered a strategic requirement.
As autonomous vehicle networks become integral to modern transportation and critical infrastructure, ensuring the security of their communication systems is paramount. This paper presents a groundbreaking exploration of Quantum Cryptography as a robust framework for achieving unprecedented levels of security in autonomous vehicle networks. Our research delves into the vulnerabilities of classical cryptographic methods in the face of emerging quantum computing threats, emphasizing the need for a paradigm shift in securing autonomous vehicle communications. Leveraging the principles of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), we propose a novel quantum cryptographic architecture tailored to the unique dynamics and requirements of autonomous vehicle networks. The study includes the design, simulation, and analysis of a quantum cryptographic protocol employing QKD for secure key exchange. Through extensive simulations using state-of-the-art quantum computing simulators, we demonstrate the resilience of our proposed system against potential quantum attacks, ensuring a level of security that goes beyond the capabilities of classical cryptographic approaches. Furthermore, we address the practical aspects of implementing Quantum Cryptography in autonomous vehicle networks, including considerations for real-world deployment, scalability, and integration with existing communication protocols. Our findings not only establish the viability of Quantum Cryptography in this context but also pave the way for a new era of secure and resilient autonomous systems. In conclusion, this paper not only contributes to the theoretical understanding of Quantum Cryptography in the realm of autonomous vehicles but also provides actionable insights for the development of secure communication infrastructures critical to the widespread adoption of autonomous technologies.
Autonomous vehicles (AV) have as one of their characteristics the constant exchange of data with other vehicles, radio base stations, pedestrians and infrastructure. Despite this data exchange using the most modern security techniques, vehicles have been the target of constant cyber-attacks. Emerging technologies such as quantum computing have been tested to minimize these attacks. Particularly, this work investigates the possibility of using post-quantum computing techniques in IoT (Internet of Things) devices, more specifically in AVs. Considering the functionalities of a vehicle nowadays, it is possible to say that a vehicle is composed of a set of IoT devices. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a post-quantum secure method to be used in IoT devices for data exchange between AVs and a 5G base station. In this method, the post-quantum algorithm NTRU is implemented in an edge computing IoT architecture between the source of the CVs data and the edge layer, which is a vulnerable spot for quantum-attacks. We simulated the implementation of the algorithm in a case study and monitored how the algorithm performed. The proposed methodology was capable of providing secure communication between IoT and edge layer. However, the message length and parameters from the algorithm can slow down the communication.
This paper addresses the application of quantum entanglement and cryptography for automation and control of dynamic systems. A dynamic system is a system where the rates of changes of its state variables are not negligible. Quantum entanglement is realized by the Spontaneous Parametric Down-conversion process. Two entangled autonomous systems exhibit correlated behavior without any classical communication in between them due to the quantum entanglement phenomenon. Specifically, the behavior of a system, Bob, at a distance, is correlated with a corresponding system, Alice. In an automation scenario, the “Bob Robot” is entangled with the “Alice Robot” in performing autonomous tasks without any classical connection between them. Quantum cryptography is a capability that allows guaranteed security. Such capabilities can be implemented in control of autonomous mechanical systems where, for instance, an “Alice Autonomous System” can control a “Bob Autonomous System” for applications of automation and robotics. The applications of quantum technologies to mechanical systems, at a scale larger than the atomistic scale, for control and automation, is a novel contribution of this paper. Notably, the feedback control transfer function of an integrated classical dynamic system and a quantum state is proposed.
This paper addresses the application of quantum entanglement and cryptography for automation and control of dynamic systems. A dynamic system is a system where the rates of changes of its state variables are not negligible. Quantum entanglement is realized by the Spontaneous Parametric Down-conversion process. Two entangled autonomous systems exhibit correlated behavior without any classical communication in between them due to the quantum entanglement phenomenon. Specifically, the behavior of a system, Bob, at a distance, is correlated with a corresponding system, Alice. In an automation scenario, the 'Bob Robot' is entangled with the 'Alice Robot' in performing autonomous tasks without any classical connection between them. Quantum cryptography is a capability that allows guaranteed security. Such capabilities can be implemented in control of autonomous mechanical systems where, for instance, an 'Alice Autonomous System' can control a 'Bob Autonomous System' for applications of automation and robotics. The applications of quantum technologies to mechanical systems, at a scale larger than the atomistic scale, for control and automation, is a novel contribution of this paper. Notably, the feedback control transfer function of an integrated classical dynamic system and a quantum state is proposed.