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European Quantum Electronics Conference (EQEC)

Two-way optical frequency comparisons at 5*10^-21 relative stability over 100-km telecommunication network fibers

A Bercy, Fabio Stefani, Olivier Lopez, Christian Chardonnet, Paul-Éric Pottie, Anne Amy‐Klein

Published Jan 1, 2015• 5 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

By using two-way frequency transfer, we demonstrate ultra-high resolution comparison of optical frequencies over a telecommunication fiber link of 100 km operating simultaneously digital data transfer. We first propose and experiment a bi-directional scheme using a single fiber. We show that the relative stability at 1 s integration time is 7 10^18 and scales down to 5 10^21. The same level of performance is reached when an optical link is implemented with an active compensation of the fiber noise. We also implement a real-time two-way frequency comparison over a uni-directional telecommunication network using a pair of parallel fibers. The relative frequency stability is 10^15 at 1 s integration time and reaches 2 10^17 at 40 000 s. The fractional uncertainty of the frequency comparisons was evaluated for the best case to 2 10^20. These results open the way to accurate and high resolution frequency comparison of optical clocks over intercontinental fiber networks.

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Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS)•May 15, 2023•0 citations
By using two-way frequency transfer, we demonstrate ultra-high resolution comparison of optical frequencies over a telecommunication fiber link of 100 km operating simultaneously digital data transfer. We first propose and experiment a bi-directional scheme using a single fiber. We show that the relative stability at 1 s integration time is 7 10^18 and scales down to 5 10^21. The same level of performance is reached when an optical link is implemented with an active compensation of the fiber noise. We also implement a real-time two-way frequency comparison over a uni-directional telecommunication network using a pair of parallel fibers. The relative frequency stability is 10^15 at 1 s integration time and reaches 2 10^17 at 40 000 s. The fractional uncertainty of the frequency comparisons was evaluated for the best case to 2 10^20. These results open the way to accurate and high resolution frequency comparison of optical clocks over intercontinental fiber networks.
By using two-way frequency transfer, we implement a real-time frequency comparison over a uni-directional telecommunication network of 100 km using a pair of parallel fibers with simultaneous digital data transfer. The relative frequency stability is ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ at 1-s integration time and reaches $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ at 40 000 s, three orders of magnitude below the one-way fiber instability. We also demonstrate ultrahigh-resolution comparison of optical frequencies with a bidirectional scheme using a single fiber. We show that the relative stability at 1-s integration time is $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ and scales down to $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$. The same level of performance is reached when an optical link is implemented with an active compensation of the fiber noise. The fractional uncertainty of the frequency comparisons was evaluated for the best case to $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}$. These results open the way to accurate and high-resolution frequency comparison of optical clocks over intercontinental fiber networks.
High-quality frequency transfer based on existing telecommunication fiber links allows state-of-the-art microwave and optical clocks to be compared on a continental and potentially even intercontinental scale. We present a half-a-year-long data set of unidirectional optical frequency transfer over a 2 × 43 k m urban fiber link. We observe a relative frequency instability of 8.0 × 10 − 16 at 1 s and at best 6.0 × 10 − 18 at 10 6 s integration time. Our results show that the unidirectional two-way method gives the possibility to perform comparisons of international primary standards over fiber links faster than over satellite links. Moreover, we investigate the major limiting factors of such a unidirectional setup.
High-stability optical frequency comparison over fiber link enables the establishment of ultrastable optical clock networks, having the potential to promote a series of applications, including metrology, geodesy, and astronomy. In this article, we theoretically analyze and experimentally demonstrate a time-delayed local two-way (TD-LTW) optical frequency comparison scheme with improved comparison stability, showing that the fractional instability of optical frequency comparison over a 50-km transfer link can be reduced from1.30×10−151.30\times 10^{-15}1.30×10−15to5.25×10−165.25\times 10^{-16}5.25×10−16at the 1 s integration time with an improvement factor of 2.48. Additionally, we also for the first time model and experimentally verify the effect of the inhomogeneous phase noise along the fiber link on the system performance. We believe that the theory and technique proposed here will be helpful in developing the high-stability optical clock networks over large-area fiber links.
In this paper, we present a high-precision optical frequency noise detection and comparison technique using a two-way transfer method over a 260 km field fiber link. This method allows for the comparison of optical frequencies between remote optical references without the need for data transfer through communication. We extend a previously established two-way comparison technique to obtain all data at the local site. Two optical carrier signals are injected into the bidirectional fiber from both ends, and one carrier is reflected back from the remote end. This enables the phase comparison of the two carrier signals at a single site without the need to transmit experimental data. The common-mode frequency noise induced by the bidirectional fiber link is detected and effectively suppressed without the need for sophisticated active fiber noise control. Our demonstration system, which uses a 260 km field fiber link and a common laser source, achieves a fractional instability of 2.5×10-17 at 1 s averaging time and scales down to 3.5×10-21 at 8000 s. This scheme offers the distinct advantage of completing the comparison at a single site, eliminating the need for remote data transfer via communication. This method is expected to enhance reliability for high-precision frequency comparisons between remote optical clocks and advanced atomic clocks.
SummaryPrecise and stable coherent optical frequency transfer over long-haul fiber link is required by diverse scientific applications, such as large-scale optical clock networks, global positioning and timing, very-long baseline interferometry, and high-sensitivity tests of fundamental physics. To meet the needs of the above applications, active compensation schemes for cancelling fiber-induced phase noise has developed considerably over the past ten years. However, optical signal severely reduces across distant fiber-optic networks, which degrades optical beat signal and feedback control.Here, we adopt active phase compensation and bidirectional optical frequency locking to achieve ultra-stable optical carrier transfer. The phase noise of the fiber link is effectively suppressed, meanwhile, the ultra-stable optical frequency signal is regenerated accurately at the remote site.Preliminary experiment over 100 km fiber link indicates that the additional frequency stability exhibits 1.9×10-16and 2.5×10-17at an averaging time of 1 s and 100 s, respectively. This approach has a capacity of extending to the parallel transfer of microwave and optical frequency, and free-space optical frequency transfer.