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Laser Physics Letters

Quantum random number generator based on ‘Fermi–Dirac’ statistics of photocounts of faint laser pulses with a 75 Mbit s −1 rate

Kirill A. Balygin, Vladimir Y. Zaitsev, Andrey N. Klimov, S. P. Kulik, S. N. Molotkov, Elena V Popova, Sergey L. Vinogradov

Published Nov 23, 2017• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We implemented experimentally a quantum random number generator, based on the registration of quasi-single-photon light by a silicon photo-multiplier, which allows one to reliably achieve the Poisson statistics of photocounts. The use of the optimal grouping of photocounts and a polynomial-length sequence of the method for extracting the random sequence 0 and 1 made it possible to achieve the output rate of a provably random sequence up to 75 Mbit s − 1 .

DOI
10.1088/1612-202x/aa930e

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•Jul 15, 2015•0 citations
Abstract We implemented experimentally a quantum random number generator, based on the registration of quasi-single-photon light by a silicon photo-multiplier, which allows one to reliably achieve the Poisson statistics of photocounts. The use of the optimal grouping of photocounts and a polynomial-length sequence of the method for extracting the random sequence 0 and 1 made it possible to achieve the output rate of a provably random sequence up to 75 Mbit s − 1 .
To implement quantum random number generators, it is fundamentally important to have a mathematically provable and experimentally testable process of measurements of a system from which an initial random sequence is generated. This makes sure that randomness indeed has a quantum nature. A quantum random number generator has been implemented with the use of the detection of quasi-single-photon radiation by a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) matrix, which makes it possible to reliably reach the Poisson statistics of photocounts. The choice and use of the optimal clustering of photocounts for the initial sequence of photodetection events and a method of extraction of a random sequence of 0’s and 1’s, which is polynomial in the length of the sequence, have made it possible to reach a yield rate of 64 Mbit/s of the output certainly random sequence.
A quantum random number generator is experimentally realized. The initial randomness source is a sequence of photocounts from quasi-single-photon radiation detected with a SiPM (Silicon Photo Multiplier) silicon avalanche detector array. The use of a SiPM provides a reliable control of the quantum nature of the Poisson photocount statistics. A special algorithm with nonexponential complexity allows one to extract from the Poisson process all the randomness contained in it, namely, a random uniform sequence of 0 and 1.
We demonstrate quantum random number generation based on a photon-number detection scheme with the use of a silicon photomultiplier. We implement a time integral with detector response signals for resolving photon numbers, which are subsequently digitized into a stream of 4-bit sequences with a generation rate of 13.6 Mbit/s. Our generated random bits pass the statistical randomness validation according to the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 800-22. This scheme is implementable with inexpensive components, and the system can be miniaturized to the size of a plug-and-play portable cryptographic device.
This paper proposes and demonstrates an optical quantum random number generator based on distribution of single photon pulse amplitude of a photomultiplier tube. The light emitted from ultraviolet LED is attenuated into discrete single photon sequence. After these photons are detected by the photomultiplier tube, the single-photon pulses with random distribution are output. Digital values of peaks of these single-photon pulses are used as the entropy sources of random number generation. In order to reduce the bias of the raw extracted random number, the SHA-256 post processing method based on FPGA is proposed and implemented. When our designed quantum random number generator works at a counting rate of 500 kc/s, 7 random bits can be extracted on average per detected photon, and a random number generation rate of 3.5 Mbit/s is obtained. The random bit sequences are tested by random number test programs ENT and STS. The test results show that the generated random bit sequences fully meet the standards of true random numbers. ©, 2015, Board of Optronics Lasers. All right reserved.