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Nonlinear light-matter interaction in diamond

Nir Alfasi, Sergei Masis, Roni Winik, Demitry Farfurnik, Oleg Shtempluck, Nir Bar‐Gill, Eyal Buks

Published Nov 21, 2017• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The coupling between defects in diamond and a superconducting microwave resonator is studied in the nonlinear regime. Both negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy and P1 defects are explored. The measured cavity mode response exhibits strong nonlinearity near a spin resonance. Data is compared with theoretical predictions and a good agreement is obtained. The nonlinear effect under study in the current paper is expected to play a role in any cavity-based magnetic resonance imaging technique and to impose a fundamental limit upon its sensitivity.

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The coupling between defects in diamond and a superconducting microwave resonator is studied in the nonlinear regime. Both negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy and P1 defects are explored. The measured cavity mode response exhibits strong nonlinearity near a spin resonance. Data is compared with theoretical predictions and a good agreement is obtained. The nonlinear effect under study in the current paper is expected to play a role in any cavity-based magnetic resonance imaging technique and to impose a fundamental limit upon its sensitivity.
The coupling between defects in diamond and a superconducting microwave resonator is studied in the nonlinear regime. Both negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy and P1 defects are explored. The measured cavity mode response exhibits strong nonlinearity near a spin resonance. Data is compared with theoretical predictions and a good agreement is obtained in a wide range of externally controlled parameters. The nonlinear effect under study in the current paper is expected to play a role in any cavity-based magnetic resonance imaging technique and to impose a fundamental limit upon its sensitivity.
Dense ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are of interest for various applications, including magnetometry, masers, hyperpolarization, and quantum memory. All of the applications above may benefit from a nonlinear response of the ensemble, and hence multiphoton processes are important. An enhancement of the multiphoton response is demonstrated by coupling the NV ensemble to a superconducting cavity. Moreover, the measured multiphoton response of the NV ensemble exhibits a regular pattern, which suggests that a dipolar coupling to nitrogen-14 substitutional defects (P1) plays a role in this process. As an example of an application, increased responsivity to magnetic field is demonstrated.
We study a system consisting of a superconducting flux qubit strongly coupled to a microwave cavity. The fundamental cavity mode is externally driven and the response is investigated in the weak nonlinear regime. We find that near the crossing point, at which the resonance frequencies of the cavity mode and qubit coincide, the sign of the Kerr coefficient changes, and consequently the type of nonlinear response changes from softening to hardening. Furthermore, the cavity response exhibits superharmonic resonances (SHR) when the ratio between the qubit frequency and the cavity fundamental mode frequency is tuned close to an integer value. The nonlinear response is characterized by the method of intermodulation and both signal and idler gains are measured. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions and good qualitative agreement is obtained. The SHRs have potential for applications in quantum amplification and generation of entangled states of light.
Magnetic resonance can be used as a testbed for observing, demonstrating, and studying fundamental concepts of quantum cavity interaction with a two-level system at the microwave regime. Such experiments are mostly carried out at low cryogenic temperatures with spin systems that are embedded in a high-quality (Q-factor) superconducting cavity. For example, recent work has shown that under such conditions, and in a regime of high cooperativity and strong collective coupling between an electron spin system and a microwave cavity, multiple spin echoes are observed. These echoes have been analysed as signatures of coherent quantum effects; namely, the photons in the cavity can excite the spin system, which in turn can excite the cavity itself and so on. In this work we show that the use of a unique tailor-made moderate Q cavity in conjunction with diamond crystals having large concentrations of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers makes it possible to observe such non-linear quantum phenomenon, even at room temperature. A key requirement of our experiments is that the spin system’s thermodynamic (rather than the physical) temperature is cooled to a few K, while high cooperativity and/or strong coupling are not a necessary prerequisite for such observations. The observation of meaningful microwave cavity quantum effects even at room temperature could lead to applications such as quantum memories and quantum sensing.
We propose a scheme for detecting single microwave photons using dipole-induced transparency (DIT) in an optical cavity resonantly coupled to a spin-selective transition of a negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) defect in diamond crystal lattices. In this scheme, the microwave photons control the interaction of the optical cavity with the NV− center by addressing the spin state of the defect. The spin, in turn, is measured with high fidelity by counting the number of reflected photons when the cavity is probed by resonant laser light. To evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, we derive the governing master equation and solve it through both direct integration and the Monte Carlo approach. Using these numerical simulations, we then investigate the effects of different parameters on the detection performance and find their corresponding optimized values. Our results indicate that detection efficiencies approaching 90% and fidelities exceeding 90% could be achieved when using realistic optical and microwave cavity parameters.
Resonant recirculation of light in optical microcavities can greatly enhance light-matter interactions. In this work, we demonstrate cavity-enhanced second-harmonic and third-harmonic generation from a single-crystal diamond microdisk. The presence of crystal defects – here nitrogen-vacancy centers – breaks the inversion symmetry of the diamond crystal, allowing for observation of the otherwise forbidden second-harmonic generation. We further show that the photon emission follows a clear dependency with cavity detuning of both the pump and emission modes, a clear indication of a doubly-resonant configuration.