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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Photonic entanglement processing with a single sub-wavelength structure

Gabriel Molina‐Terriza, Alexander Büse, Mathieu L. Juan, Nora Tischler, Vincenzo D’Ambrosio, Fabio Sciarrino, Lorenzo Marrucci

Published Jun 1, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The progress in quantum information theory and the advances in the manipulation and control of quantum systems promise the advent of an era where quantum technologies will significantly change the fields of communication, computation and sensors. Even though some of these new technologies have already been successfully implemented, such as quantum key distribution [1] and quantum clocks [2], to fully develop the potential of these technologies we need to find new compact, reliable and robust quantum systems. In particular, we need to be able to control and process the elusive and delicate features of quantum entangled states, which are at the core of quantum technologies. In this sense, quantum photonics arises as one mature technology where most of the quantum information building blocks have been demonstrated. Most of the achievements in quantum photonics are hindered by the same limitations as the classical processing of light: weak interactions with matter, which impede efficient nonlinear processes, and large devices with dimensions many times the wavelength of light. Plasmonic devices may hold the key to overcome these hurdles due to strong interaction with light, small volumes of interaction, and the possibility to engineer and fabricate suitable nanostructures to address particular tasks [3].

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2017.8087594

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The progress in quantum information theory and the advances in the manipulation and control of quantum systems promise the advent of an era where quantum technologies will significantly change the fields of communication, computation and sensors. Even though some of these new technologies have already been successfully implemented, such as quantum key distribution [1] and quantum clocks [2], to fully develop the potential of these technologies we need to find new compact, reliable and robust quantum systems. In particular, we need to be able to control and process the elusive and delicate features of quantum entangled states, which are at the core of quantum technologies. In this sense, quantum photonics arises as one mature technology where most of the quantum information building blocks have been demonstrated. Most of the achievements in quantum photonics are hindered by the same limitations as the classical processing of light: weak interactions with matter, which impede efficient nonlinear processes, and large devices with dimensions many times the wavelength of light. Plasmonic devices may hold the key to overcome these hurdles due to strong interaction with light, small volumes of interaction, and the possibility to engineer and fabricate suitable nanostructures to address particular tasks [3].
A fundamental problem of using photonic states as carriers of quantum information is that they interact weakly with matter and that the interaction volume is typically limited by the wavelength of light. The use of metallic structures in quantum plasmonics has the potential to alleviate these problems. Here, we present the first results showing that a single subwavelength plasmonic nanoaperture can controllably modify the quantum state of light. We achieve this effect by using a specially engineered two photon state to match the properties of the nanoaperture.
Photonics is an effective platform for engineering quantum states of many photons that can be harnessed for applications in information processing tasks, ranging from secure communications to enhanced sensors to efficient simulation of physical or other systems. I will discuss recent developments and some challenges to achieving this promise. Building and measuring multi-photon quantum states suitable for these applications demands a means for them to interfere and for detection at the level of individual photons. Photonic integrated circuits are well suited to these tasks at a scale that is not possible by other means. Advances in the design and utilization of circuits and detectors enable quantum advantage, and indeed provide new opportunities for classical optical systems.
Nonlinear photonics studies situations in which light passing through a material can be used to create, reshape, or convert other light in ways that are not possible in ordinary optical systems. In recent years, this has become especially important for quantum photonics, where carefully prepared states of light are used as resources for emerging technologies such as secure communication, ultra-precise measurement, and new forms of information processing. A major challenge, however, is that these effects are delicate, difficult to control, and highly sensitive to the imperfections that arise when trying to build practical devices on a chip. This thesis examines how such nonlinear quantum-optical processes can be both engineered more deliberately and modelled more realistically, with the broader goal of helping move quantum photonic technology from proof-of-principle laboratory demonstrations toward robust and scalable implementation. To do this, the thesis first places nonlinear quantum photonics in a broader technological context and explains the main physical ideas needed to understand how quantum states of light are generated, transformed, and measured. It then develops this picture through a set of concrete examples. These include a method for generating quantum light on a chip while avoiding one of the field’s standard fabrication steps, a proposed chip-scale device that could help connect otherwise incompatible quantum systems by changing the colour and spectral width of light, and a modelling framework that links quantum theory directly to realistic fabricated waveguides, including common imperfections such as loss, non-uniformity, and writing errors. The thesis also reviews a wider class of design methods in which the nonlinear properties of a material are deliberately patterned in order to tailor the light produced. Taken together, the central message is that progress in quantum photonics will depend not only on discovering new effects, but on learning how to design, fabricate, and model these devices in ways that make them practical outside idealized laboratory conditions.
A century ago the first quantum revolution defined our understanding of atomic and subatomic physics. A few decades later this understanding lead to a technological revolution where the semiconductor, the laser, and the optical technologies that enable our current digital information age were created. Today, quantum research is primed for the next revolution in systems technology; ‘Quantum 2.0’ promises solutions for unhackable communications (quantum cryptography), navigation and sensing (atomic clocks), and solving complex analytical problems at the speed of light (quantum computing). In Quantum 2.0, photonics represents a stable and established technology platform upon which new quantum systems can be built. Photonics enables the generation of new wavelengths for interaction of light and matter, single photons and integrated optical circuits for quantum information processing, and optical fibre networks for the long-haul transmission of quantum information. For commercial adoption, photonics will provide an important interface between emerging quantum products and our existing telecoms networks and digital infrastructure. At the University of Southampton we are developing new manufacturing technologies in silica-on-silicon and periodically-poled lithium niobate to enable the fabrication of scalable integrated optical components as the building blocks of Quantum 2.0; in particular our focus is the development of processes suitable for transfer and adoption by industry. We will report on our progress in this area and discuss recent results enabled by our devices.