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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Superresonant parametric generation in nonlinear photonic crystals

Ottavia Jedrkiewicz, A. Gatti, E. Brambilla, G. Tamošauskas, P. Di Trapani, Katia Gallo

Published Jun 1, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. The efficiency and engineering capabilities afforded by parametric processes in second-order [χ(2)] nonlinear media have tremendously benefitted from periodic poling technologies in ferroelectric materials such as LiNbO3, nowadays routinely exploited in optical parametric generators, amplifiers and oscillators, as well as high brightness sources of entangled photons [1, 2]. Nonlinear photonic crystals (NPCs) implemented by periodic poling, have also attracted a great deal of attention, since they provide additional degrees of freedom to coherently shape the angular and spectral response of parametric devices [3-4]. Following the first demonstration of coherently coupled twin-beam optical parametric generation (OPG) in a χ(2)NPC [4], a number of studies investigated their potential for classical and quantum applications [5-6].Here we demonstrate twin beam OPG in a hexagonally poled LiTaO3 NPC pumped at 527 nm and generating signal and idlers in the near-infrared (λS~800 nm) and telecom (λI~1550nm) ranges. We perform a complete spectral and angular mapping of its OPG response for different pump pulse energies (10 - 100μJ) and incidence angles (-2.5 to 2.5°), finding very good agreement between predictions (Fig. 1b-c) and experiments

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2017.8086474

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Summary form only given. The efficiency and engineering capabilities afforded by parametric processes in second-order [χ(2)] nonlinear media have tremendously benefitted from periodic poling technologies in ferroelectric materials such as LiNbO3, nowadays routinely exploited in optical parametric generators, amplifiers and oscillators, as well as high brightness sources of entangled photons [1, 2]. Nonlinear photonic crystals (NPCs) implemented by periodic poling, have also attracted a great deal of attention, since they provide additional degrees of freedom to coherently shape the angular and spectral response of parametric devices [3-4]. Following the first demonstration of coherently coupled twin-beam optical parametric generation (OPG) in a χ(2)NPC [4], a number of studies investigated their potential for classical and quantum applications [5-6].Here we demonstrate twin beam OPG in a hexagonally poled LiTaO3 NPC pumped at 527 nm and generating signal and idlers in the near-infrared (λS800 nm) and telecom (λI1550nm) ranges. We perform a complete spectral and angular mapping of its OPG response for different pump pulse energies (10 - 100μJ) and incidence angles (-2.5 to 2.5°), finding very good agreement between predictions (Fig. 1b-c) and experiments
We review recent experimental and theoretical progress in the study of optical parametric generation and cascaded frequency up conversion in two-dimensional purely nonlinear lattices, relying on acoherent coupling of multiple resonances in the quadratic lattice. Since their original proposal (1), two dimensional (2D) nonlinear photonic crystals in periodically poled materials have been the subject of a number of experimental and theoretical investigations, exploring the enhanced possibilities to engineer the nonlinear dynamics of quadratic interactions afiorded in such structures (2,3). Most of the studies have concerned frequency up-conversion, until the recent demonstration of twin-beam optical parametric generation (TB-OPG) in 2D hexagonally poled crystals (4,5). TB-OPG experiments in hexagonally poled MgO:LiTaO3 lattices demonstrated enhanced para- metric gains as well as a rich spectral and angular response underpinned bythe coherent coupling of concurrent nonlinear processes throughshared signal or idlermodes. They provided evidence forrich interaction scenarios, generating multiple outputs in the infrared as well in the visible and encompassing also self-phase modulation and cascaded upconversion processes arising from the interplay of multiple lattice resonances.A good agreement was found with a simple model in- volving the cross-seeding of two non-collinear OPG processes via a common signal (idler), while the development of advanced ad-hoc simulation tools enabled to fully account for the complex nonlinear dynamics in the 2D lattices and faithfully reproduce the rich spectral-angular response seen in the experiments (6).
Two-dimensional lattices of the optical nonlinearity implemented by periodic poling inχ(2)\chi^{(2)}χ(2)materials afford additional degrees of freedom for enhanced gains in optical parametric generation [1–2] and the generation of multipartite photon entanglement in compact device formats [3]. So far all investigations have considered single-frequency excitation of the crystals in classical or quantum parametric downconversion regimes. However, the effects underpinned by the coherent coupling of multiple nonlinear resonances unique to 2D lattices, may be expected to further enlarge the spectrum of possibilities also in suitably seeded coherent parametric amplification and difference frequency generation (DFG) processes.
We investigate, both numerically and experimentally, the optical parametric generation (OPG) process in second-order nonlinear crystals driven by femtosecond pulses. We model the OPG process by solving the coupled second-order three-wave nonlinear propagation equations in the plane-wave limit, using noise fields to mimic the vacuum fluctuations. We focus on two parameters: (i) the temporal jitter between the OPG and the pump pulse; (ii) the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) relationship between the OPG and the pump pulse. Both numerical simulations and experiments support the following conclusions: (i) in the regime of low pump depletion the OPG pulse is synchronized with the pump, but its energy presents strong fluctuations; (ii) in the regime of high pump depletion, the energy of the OPG pulse stabilizes, but a temporal jitter with respect to the pump pulse is introduced; (iii) in both cases, the CEP relationship between pump and OPG pulses is completely random.
Backward wave optical parametric oscillators (BWOPO) are a special class of nonlinear optical devices with unique properties, due to the fact, that the pump photon is split in two photons propagating in opposite directions.The counter-propagating nature of the interaction automatically establishes positive feedback, without any external cavity, making the system very robust and insensitive to misalignment.Furthermore, the forward wave inherits the phase modulation of the pump, while the backward generated wave is inherently narrow [1].Although the concept of BWOPO was proposed in the 1960s [2], the fist experimental demonstration had to wait until 2007 [3].This long delay is ascribed to fact that quasi-phase matched (QPM) structures with sub-um periodicities are required to compensate for the large phase-mismatch between the counter-propagating waves.Thanks to the recent progress in periodic poling based on coercive field engineering, several BWOPO interactions with ps and ns pump pulses have been achieved, demonstrating efficient single pass configuration with conversion efficiencies up to 50% at a mJ output level [4].BWOPO operating at degeneracy, especially in the telecommunications band, is of special interest due to the possibility to have phase locking inherent to degenerate parametric processes which can be used for generation of biphoton states, a resource for quantum communications and quantum sensing [5,6].Efficient BWOPO operation in the spectral range of 1.5 µm -1.6 µm, requires first-order QPM, which can be realized in periodic nonlinear structures with a periodicity of ~400 nm, i.e., close to half of the pump wavelength in vacuum.In this work, we take advantage of our coercive-field engineering technique [7] to fabricate 435 nm-period in 1 mm thick Rb-doped KTiOPO4 (PPRKTP) crystals.The resulting domain pattern shows excellent uniformity over the entire crystal aperture and a duty cycle close to 50% (see Fig. 1a)) To the best of our knowledge, this poling period marks the shortest QPM period ever fabricated in ferroelectric crystals of comparable aperture.The crystals are used to demonstrate the first realization of a degenerate BWOPO, generating counter-propagating signal and idler in the spectral band of optical communications.