Quantum computing is the outcome of the size of semiconductor chips breaking the limits of classical physics, and is a landmark technology in the post-Moore's law era. Making use of the quantum properties of electrons in semiconductor quantum dots is believed to be one of the most promising candidates for the realization of quantum computing. In recent years, a series of breakthroughs have been made, including the preparation and readout of qubits, and the manipulation of quantum logic gates. This paper first introduces the background and significance of research on semiconductor quantum dot-based quantum computing and then provides an overview of the developments regarding spin-, charge-, and few-electron-based qubits, as well as the long distance coherent coupling of qubits. Finally, we discuss future trends in semiconductor-based quantum computing.
Quantum computing is the outcome of the size of semiconductor chips breaking the limits of classical physics, and is a landmark technology in the post-Moore's law era. Making use of the quantum properties of electrons in semiconductor quantum dots is believed to be one of the most promising candidates for the realization of quantum computing. In recent years, a series of breakthroughs have been made, including the preparation and readout of qubits, and the manipulation of quantum logic gates. This paper first introduces the background and significance of research on semiconductor quantum dot-based quantum computing and then provides an overview of the developments regarding spin-, charge-, and few-electron-based qubits, as well as the long distance coherent coupling of qubits. Finally, we discuss future trends in semiconductor-based quantum computing.
Semiconductor quantum dots are promising hosts for qubits to build a quantum processor. In the last twenty years, intensive researches have been carried out and diverse kinds of qubits based on different types of semiconductor quantum dots were developed. Recent advances prove high fidelity single and two qubit gates, and even prototype quantum algorithms. These breakthroughs motivate further research on realizing a fault tolerant quantum computer. In this paper we review the main principles of various semiconductor quantum dot based qubits and the latest associated experimental results. Finally the future trends of those qubits will be discussed.
Semiconductors, a significant type of material in the information era, are becoming more and more powerful in the field of quantum information. In recent decades, semiconductor quantum computation was investigated thoroughly across the world and developed with a dramatically fast speed. The research varied from initialization, control and readout of qubits, to the architecture of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here, we first introduce the basic ideas for quantum computing, and then discuss the developments of single- and two-qubit gate control in semiconductors. Up to now, the qubit initialization, control and readout can be realized with relatively high fidelity and a programmable two-qubit quantum processor has even been demonstrated. However, to further improve the qubit quality and scale it up, there are still some challenges to resolve such as the improvement of the readout method, material development and scalable designs. We discuss these issues and introduce the forefronts of progress. Finally, considering the positive trend of the research on semiconductor quantum devices and recent theoretical work on the applications of quantum computation, we anticipate that semiconductor quantum computation may develop fast and will have a huge impact on our lives in the near future.
With the constant progress in technologies, each day we develop a new approach to overcome the limitations of their classical counterparts. Quantum computing is one such path breaking step, which is expected to overcome all limitations of conventional computers utilizing quantum mechanics, computer science, and mathematical models. Qubit remain an integral part of the quantum computation, and for better performance of quantum computers, the material used in qubit remains a center of consideration. Semiconductors qubits serve most of the purpose, and is marked as a principal material in the information processing. In this study, we have reviewed different types of qubit realizations comparing them on various parameters like their control, readout, materialistic approach, limitations, and recent advancements made, highlighting different opportunities in this field. Quantum scalability proposals have also been studied. We have systematically discussed different properties of semiconductor quantum dots, their applications, and the challenges like decoherence, and the opportunities that underlie, in order to determine a better material, and possibly a satisfactory reason for using semiconductors in quantum computing.
Superconducting quantum devices provide excellent connectivity and controllability, while semiconductor spin qubits stand out with their long-lasting quantum coherence, fast control, and potential for miniaturization and scaling. In the last few years, remarkable progress has been made in combining superconducting circuits and semiconducting devices into hybrid quantum systems that benefit from the physical properties of both constituents. Superconducting cavities can mediate quantum-coherent coupling over long distances between electronic degrees of freedom such as the spin of individual electrons on a semiconductor chip and, thus, provide essential connectivity for a quantum device. Electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots have reached very long coherence times and allow for fast quantum gate operations with increasing fidelities. We summarize recent progress and theoretical models that describe superconducting–semiconducting hybrid quantum systems, explain the limitations of these systems, and describe different directions where future experiments and theory are headed.
Abstract Quantum computation (QC) is one of the most challenging quantum technologies that promise to revolutionize data computation in the long-term by outperforming the classical supercomputers in specific applications. Errors will hamper this quantum revolution if not sufficiently limited and corrected by quantum error correction codes thus avoiding quantum algorithm failures. In particular millions of highly-coherent qubits arranged in a two-dimensional array are required to implement the surface code, one of the most promising codes for quantum error correction. One of the most attractive technologies to fabricate such large number of almost identical high-quality devices is the well known metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. Silicon quantum processor manufacturing can leverage the technological developments achieved in the last 50 years in the semiconductor industry. Here, we review modeling, fabrication aspects and experimental figures of merit of qubits defined in the spin degree of freedom of charge carriers confined in quantum dots and donors in silicon devices along with classical electronics innovations for qubit control and readout. Furthermore, we discuss potential applications of the technology and finally we review the role of start-ups and companies in the silicon-based QC era.
Quantum computing is experiencing the transition from a scientific to an engineering field with the promise to revolutionize an extensive range of applications demanding high-performance computing. Many implementation approaches have been pursued for quantum computing systems, where currently the main streams can be identified based on superconducting, photonic, trapped-ion, and semiconductor qubits. Semiconductor-based quantum computing, specifically using CMOS technologies, is promising as it provides potential for the integration of qubits with their control and readout circuits on a single chip. This paves the way for the realization of a large-scale quantum computing system for solving practical problems. In this paper, we present an overview and future perspective of CMOS quantum computing, exploring developed semiconductor qubit structures, quantum gates, as well as control and readout circuits, with a focus on the promises and challenges of CMOS implementation.