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Laser Physics Letters

Directly measuring the concurrence of two-atom state via detecting coherent lights

Li Chen, Ming Yang, Li-Hua Zhang, Zhuo‐Liang Cao

Published Oct 26, 2017• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Concurrence is an important parameter for quantifying quantum entanglement, but usually the state tomography must be determined before quantification. In this paper we propose a scheme, based on cavity-assisted atom–light interaction, to measure the concurrence of two-atom pure states and the Collins–Gisin state directly, without tomography. The concurrence of atomic states is encoded in the output coherent optical beams after interacting with cavities and the atoms therein, so the results of detection applied to the output coherent optical beams provide the concurrence data of the atomic states. This scheme provides an alternative method for directly measuring atomic entanglement by detecting coherent light, rather than measuring the atomic systems, which thus greatly simplifies the realization complexity of the direct measurement of atomic entanglement. In addition, as the cavity-assisted atom–light interaction used here is robust and scalable in realistic applications, the current scheme may be realized in the near future.

DOI
10.1088/1612-202x/aa8582

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Abstract An experimental scheme for the measurement of entanglement between two two‐level atoms is proposed. This scheme requires one of the two entangled atoms to interact with a cavity field dispersively, and it is shown that by measuring the zero time‐delay second‐order coherence function of the cavity field, one can measure the concurrence of an arbitrary Bell‐like atomic two‐qubit state. As this scheme requires only one of the atoms to interact with the measured cavity, the entanglement quantification becomes independent of the location of the other atom. Therefore, this scheme can have important implications for entanglement quantification in distributed quantum systems.
We present three protocols for directly measuring the concurrence of two-photon polarization-entangled states, including pure states and mixed states. Two signal photon pairs in the same polarization-entangled states are needed in each detection round, and the signal photons will pass through polarization-independent beam splitters simultaneously. The concurrence of the photon pairs will be encoded in the total probability of picking up the balanced states in the two output modes of the beam splitter, which can be directly measured by single-photon detectors. The photon detection efficiency can be further enhanced with the help of the weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity, and the signal photons will not be absorbed. The third scheme using the bilateral nondemolition measurements can measure the concurrence of both pure and mixed states with high efficiency and high fidelity and is robust against the copy error of the state to be measured. The sophisticated controlled-not operation of the previous schemes is not required here, so our protocols are more feasible within the current experimental technology.
We propose a scheme for long-distance quantum state transfer between different atoms based on cavity-assisted interactions. In our scheme, a coherent optical pulse sequentially interacts with two distant atoms trapped in separated cavities. Through the measurement of the state of the first atom and the homodyne detection of the final output coherent light, the quantum state can be transferred into the second atom with a success probability of unity and a fidelity of unity. In addition, our scheme neither requires the high- Q cavity working in the strong coupling regime nor employs the single-photon quantum channel, which greatly relaxes the experimental requirements.
Abstract The quantum spin states of an atomic ensemble are of special interest to both fundamental studies and precision measurement applications. Here, we propose a scheme to prepare collective quantum states of an atomic ensemble placed in an optical cavity via homodyne measurement of a probing light field. The effective interactions of atoms mediated by photons are enhanced by the optical cavity, and the output probe light could also be entangled with the collective spin states. By selectively measuring the quadrature of the output light, we can prepare various quantum states, including superposition states of Dicke states and Dicke squeezed states. It is also demonstrated that the fidelity of the prepared quantum state can be enhanced by repetitive homodyne detection and using longer probe laser pulses. With the experimental parameters, we discuss some imperfections, including background noise, fluctuation of the measurement outcomes, and free-space scattering.We believe that our scheme should be feasible for experimental realization with current technologies, which may be used in the future study of quantum mechanics and quantum metrology.
We present an experimental proof-of-principle for the generation and detection of pure two-qubit states that have been encoded in degrees of freedom that are common to both classical-light beams and single photons. Our protocol requires performing polarization tomography on a single qubit from a qubit pair. The degree of entanglement in the qubit pair is measured by concurrence, which can be directly extracted from intensity measurements-or photon counting-entering single-qubit polarization tomography.
Concurrence provides us an effective approach to quantify entanglement, which is quite important in quantum information processing applications. In the paper, we mainly review some direct concurrence measurement protocols of the two-qubit optical or atomic system. We first introduce the concept of concurrence for a two-qubit system. Second, we explain the approaches of the concurrence measurement in both a linear and a nonlinear optical system. Third, we introduce some protocols for measuring the concurrence of the atomic entanglement system.