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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Correlated photons from microcavity polariton parametric scattering

M. Sassermann, Z. Voros, Gregor Weihs, W. Langbein

Published Jun 1, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. Semiconductor microcavities can be engineered to produce strong coupling between photons and quantum well excitons leading to the formation of new eigenstates called polaritons. Due to their peculiar dispersion, enabling non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation [1], and their straightforward experimental accessibility, microcavity polaritons have gained considerable interest in recent years. Polariton states can be selectively populated by choosing the excitation angle and the wavelength of the excitation laser. After a lifetime of a few picoseconds the polariton decays and a photon is emitted from the cavity, carrying the complete information on the underlying polariton state. Several theoretical works [2-3] suggest that polariton-polariton interactions can be a source of non-classical photon correlations, producing photon pairs that are entangled in either the energy, the polarization, or the momentum degree of freedom. One appeal of such a system is that many parameters such as the polariton-polariton interaction strength are tunable [4] and multipartite entangled states can be created in a single device [5]. However, due to the lack of high-quality samples, experimental realisations of these schemes have been elusive so far. In this contribution, we will discuss some of our experimental work on the statistics of polariton-polariton parametric scattering. Excited polaritons can scatter in a four-wave mixing process into signal and idler states lying on a figure-eight shaped curve in k-space, where phase-matching is fulfilled. We make use of a sample with ultra narrow exciton resonances, which allows for the generation and detection of correlated light. We present our measurements of the second order correlation functions using time-correlated photon counting. We discuss in detail, how polariton quantum correlations depend on a number of experimental parameters, such as phase space location and excitation density and find that the results can be understood in the framework of the well known Bogoliubov theory for 2D Bose gases utilised for microcavity polaritons [6]. We find bunching below the parametric threshold and a slow buildup of coherence above the threshold similar to the quantum statistics of a non-degenerate optical parametric oscillator, which is well known for its nonclassical properties [7]. We discuss in particular the influence of strong background processes on the observed photon statistics.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2017.8087624

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Summary form only given. Semiconductor microcavities can be engineered to produce strong coupling between photons and quantum well excitons leading to the formation of new eigenstates called polaritons. Due to their peculiar dispersion, enabling non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation [1], and their straightforward experimental accessibility, microcavity polaritons have gained considerable interest in recent years. Polariton states can be selectively populated by choosing the excitation angle and the wavelength of the excitation laser. After a lifetime of a few picoseconds the polariton decays and a photon is emitted from the cavity, carrying the complete information on the underlying polariton state. Several theoretical works [2-3] suggest that polariton-polariton interactions can be a source of non-classical photon correlations, producing photon pairs that are entangled in either the energy, the polarization, or the momentum degree of freedom. One appeal of such a system is that many parameters such as the polariton-polariton interaction strength are tunable [4] and multipartite entangled states can be created in a single device [5]. However, due to the lack of high-quality samples, experimental realisations of these schemes have been elusive so far. In this contribution, we will discuss some of our experimental work on the statistics of polariton-polariton parametric scattering. Excited polaritons can scatter in a four-wave mixing process into signal and idler states lying on a figure-eight shaped curve in k-space, where phase-matching is fulfilled. We make use of a sample with ultra narrow exciton resonances, which allows for the generation and detection of correlated light. We present our measurements of the second order correlation functions using time-correlated photon counting. We discuss in detail, how polariton quantum correlations depend on a number of experimental parameters, such as phase space location and excitation density and find that the results can be understood in the framework of the well known Bogoliubov theory for 2D Bose gases utilised for microcavity polaritons [6]. We find bunching below the parametric threshold and a slow buildup of coherence above the threshold similar to the quantum statistics of a non-degenerate optical parametric oscillator, which is well known for its nonclassical properties [7]. We discuss in particular the influence of strong background processes on the observed photon statistics.
The strong coupling of photons and quantum well excitons in semiconductor microcavities leads to the formation of new eigenstates called polaritons. Due to their peculiar dispersion curve and the convenient experimental accessibility, microcavity polaritons have gained considerable interest in the recent years. Polariton states can be selectively populated by choosing the excitation angle and the wavelength of the excitation laser. After a lifetime of a few picoseconds the polariton decays and a photon is emitted from the cavity. This photon carries the whole information on the underlying polariton state.
Summary form only given. Several theoretical studies have recently suggested that the scattering of microcavity polaritons can be a source of non-classical photon correlations, producing photon pairs that are entangled in either the energy (branch index) [1], or the polarization degree of freedom [2]. Even cluster states can be generated [3]. Motivated by the above-mentioned proposals for the creation of entangled photon pairs, we studied parametric polariton scattering in 2D coupled planar and ID micro-cavities grown by molecular beam epitaxy (Fig. 1, left hand side). The advantage of these structures is that the polariton branches involved in the parametric scattering are located energetically below the exciton reservoir, thus the particles are protected from excitonic losses, as shown in Fig. 1.In this paper, we are going to experimentally explore entanglement schemes similar to that in Fig. 1. These measurements are carried out using time-correlated photon counting and utilizing the flexible excitation scheme developed in our group [4]. We also compare the experimental results to numerical calculations which are based on the extension of the microscopic theory of Portolan et al. [5]. Our model allows us to optimize the samples for particular scattering schemes.
It has been proposed that parametric scattering of microcavity polaritons can be a source of non-classical photon correlations, producing photon pairs that are entangled in either the energy [1], or the polarization degree of freedom [2]. In order to establish, whether a particular scheme is practically feasible, one has to take into account not only the parametric processes in question, but the polaritons' interaction with their environment. It is clear that any such interaction is going to reduce the quality of the entanglement produced by the desired parametric process.
Abstract Nonlinear parametric process plays a pivotal role in modern optoelectronics, underpinning the central role in optical amplification, quantum networks as well as entangled photon pair generation. Compared to pure photonic systems constrained by weak polarizability and stringent phase‐matching conditions, exciton‐polaritons sustain parametric scattering at significantly lower thresholds due to their strong polariton‐polariton interactions. Although polariton parametric scattering (PPS) has been reported, the deterministic generation of quantum‐correlated photon pairs remains a challenge. Here, entangled photon pair is demonstrated that generated via nonlinear PPS in microcavity, where strong coupled hybrid polaritons with three anti‐crossing eigenstates provide ideal scattering channels for PPS. The far‐field patterns demonstrate macroscopic polariton occupation of signal‐ and idler‐states, signifying the transition from Rayleigh scattering to nonlinear parametric scattering regime. Additionally, polarization and second‐order temporal correlation measurements reveal orthogonal polarization properties and quantum correlations, highlighting the potential for entangled photon pair generation. Theoretical simulations using coupled Gross‐Pitaevskii equations explore the dynamics with high fidelity. These results establish a platform for on‐demand entangled photon generation, advancing quantum polaritonics toward practical applications in quantum communication and information processing.
Entanglement generation by means of microcavity exciton-polaritons is an interesting application of the peculiar properties of these half-light/half-matter quasiparticles. In this paper, we theoretically investigate their luminescence dynamics and entanglement formation in single, and double cavities. We discuss the selection rules for polariton–polariton scattering in double cavities, and evaluate a number of possible parametric scattering schemes in terms of entanglement in the polarization degree of freedom, and identify the ones that are experimentally most promising.
Second-order time correlation measurements with a temporal resolution better than 3 ps were performed on a CdTe microcavity where spontaneous Bose-Einstein condensation is observed. After the laser pulse, the nonresonantly excited thermal polariton population relaxes into a coherent polariton condensate. Photon statistics of the light emitted by the microcavity evidences a clear phase transition from the thermal state to a coherent state, which occurs within 3.2 ps after the onset of stimulated scattering. Following this very fast transition, we show that the emission possesses a very high coherence that persists for more than 100 ps after the build-up of the condensate.