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Studies in big data

IPsec Multicast Architecture Based on Quantum Key Distribution, Quantum Secret Sharing and Measurement

Ahmed Farouk, Omar Husain Tarawneh, Mohamed Elhoseny, Josep Amengual i Batle, Mosayeb Naseri, Aboul Ella Hassanien, M. Abedl-Aty

Published Oct 13, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-63639-9_6

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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a mechanism for creating shared, secret, random bits. This document describes extensions to the IKEv2 protocol to use random bits created via QKD as keys for IPsec. The Diffie-Hellman key agreement mechanism is replaced with QKD. The use of QKD-generated keys with standard IPsec will extend the lifetime of privacy guarantees for IPsec-protected data: future technological advances that break Diffie-Hellman key exchange will not disclose data until such time as the encryption algorithm used for the IPsec tunnel is broken.
The evolving 5G architecture, moving from proprietary monolithic hardware towards the disaggregated and modular Open Radio Access Network (Open RAN), introduces new, critical interfaces requiring robust security. While IPSec is a prevalent solution for securing IP communications, the advent of quantum computing threatens its traditional cryptographic underpinnings; it may be deprecated in the near future. To address this, we propose a quantum-safe Open RAN framework for securing fronthaul (i.e., Radio Unit-Distributed Unit) and backhaul (i.e., Centralized Unit-5G core) interfaces. Our framework employs a hybrid key exchange scheme, combining post-quantum cryptography (PQC) with quantum keys as cryptographic material, designed for seamless integration with TLS, IKEv2/IPSec, and MACSec standards, and compatible with ETSI QKD 004 and 014 APIs. Furthermore, we present a novel key distribution protocol for Quantum Key Distribution Networks (QKDN). This protocol incorporates encapsulation techniques inspired by onion routing, combined with PQC, to ensure confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and anonymity. It also leverages post-quantum public key encryption to protect shared secrets from intermediate nodes within the QKDN, mitigating intermediary attacks. We have deployed a proof-of-concept of our proposal, experimentally validating both air-based and fiber-based QKD, primarily using ML-KEM and ML-DSA standards for PQC algorithms.