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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

A Light-Matter Interface with NV Centers

Brendan Shields, Nathalie P. de Leon, Birgit Hausmann, Yiwen Chu, Michael J. Burek, Patrick Maletinsky, Qimin Quan, Alexander S. Zibrov, Hongkun Park, Marko Lončar, Mikhail D. Lukin

Published Feb 27, 2012• 0 citations
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Coherent coupling between optical fields and solid-state spins is essential for building a spin–photon interface and exchanging quantum information. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a solid-state defect center in diamond, is a promising qubit system for its relatively high-temperature spin coherence. Here, we study the coherent coupling between the photonic spin texture (PST) and the quantum polarization cloud (phase shift) of NV centers spanning a temperature range from liquid nitrogen (77 K) to room temperature (295 K). We show that by optimizing the laser power and frequency detuning, it is possible to maintain coherence in NV–photon interaction even in this nonideal limit. The coherent NV–photon interaction in our experiment is encoded in the quantum phase shift of the NV center spin qubit, which can be read out using the Hahn-echo magnetometry technique. Our approach of studying light–matter interaction at an elevated temperature can build an unexplored regime of spin–photon interface, which has potential applications in diverse quantum applications.
The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a unique quantum system that combines solid state spin qubits with coherent optical transitions. The spin states of the NV center can be initialized, read out, and controlled with RF fields at room temperature. It can be coupled to other spin systems in the environment while at the same time maintaining an extraordinary degree of quantum coherence. Experiments utilizing the NV center's spin states have led to a wide range of demonstrations from quantum error correction to high-sensitivity magnetometry. This thesis, however, focuses on creating an interface between NV centers and light in the visible domain by making use of its optical transitions. Such an interface connects the quantum system consisting of NV centers and nuclear spins to photons, which can then be used to both manipulate the spin qubits themselves or transport quantum information over large distances.
Defects in solids are in many ways analogous to trapped atoms or molecules. They can serve as long-lived quantum memories and efficient light-matter interfaces. As such, they are leading building blocks for long-distance quantum networks and distributed quantum computers. This chapter describes the quantum-mechanical coupling between atom-like spin states and light, using the diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center as a paradigm. We present an overview of the NV center's electronic structure, derive a general picture of coherent light-matter interactions, and describe several methods that can be used to achieve all-optical initialization, quantum-coherent control, and readout of solid-state spins. These techniques can be readily generalized to other defect systems, and they serve as the basis for advanced protocols at the heart of many emerging quantum technologies.