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UNIVERSAL MECHANISM OF REALIZATION OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS AT LOW ENERGY

В. И. Высоцкий, Mikhail V. Vysotskyy

Published Jan 1, 2017• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A universal method of short-term and very significant attenuation and suppression of the tunneling effect in the nuclear interaction of low-energy particles by using coherent correlated states (ССS) formed with a weak controlled pulsed or periodic action on these particles or the environment is considered.This mechanism explains all the detected features of successful nuclear physics experiments conducted at low energy: an anomalously high probability of these reactions, a very significant suppression (as compared with similar reactions at high energy) of the accompanying gamma radiation, and the complete absence of radioactive daughter isotopes, formed in these reactions.

DOI
10.17725/rensit.2017.09.021

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A universal method of short-term and very significant attenuation and suppression of the tunneling effect in the nuclear interaction of low-energy particles by using coherent correlated states (ССS) formed with a weak controlled pulsed or periodic action on these particles or the environment is considered.This mechanism explains all the detected features of successful nuclear physics experiments conducted at low energy: an anomalously high probability of these reactions, a very significant suppression (as compared with similar reactions at high energy) of the accompanying gamma radiation, and the complete absence of radioactive daughter isotopes, formed in these reactions.
A method for the formation of correlated coherent states of low-energy particles in a parabolic potential well owing to the full-scale low-frequency modulation ω( t ) = ω 0 sinΩ t of the parameters of this well has been considered. It has been shown that such a modulation in the absence of a stochastic force acting on a particle results in the fast formation of correlated coherent states and in an increase in the correlation coefficient and transparency of the potential barrier to the limiting values | r ( t )| max → 1 and D → 1. The presence of the stochastic force significantly affects the evolution of correlated coherent states, decreasing the rate of an increase in the correlation coefficient | r ( t )| max (at Ω ≤ 10 −4 ω 0 ) and limiting it at the level | r (∞)| max < 1 (at Ω = (0.001–0.1)ω 0 ); | r (∞)| max increases with a decrease in the frequency of modulation and decreases with an increase in the intensity of the stochastic force. It has been shown that, at a realistic relation between the parameters, low-frequency modulation can ensure such | r | max value that the transparency of the potential barrier for low-energy particles increases by a factor of 10 50 –10 100 or larger. The mechanism of the formation of correlated coherent states for charged particles in a gas or a low-pressure plasma placed in a low-frequency magnetic field has been considered. We have determined the relation between the magnetic field strength and modulation frequency, as well as the relation between the temperature and density of the gas (plasma), at which the method under consideration can be used to optimize nuclear reactions at low energies.
Premises for the formation of a correlated coherent state of particles in nonstationary quantum systems are considered. The relation between the correlation factor of particles and the probability of their passage through the potential barrier (including that in nuclear reactions) is analyzed. The optimal regime for parametric excitation of a harmonic oscillator is found, in which the asymptotic formation of the correlated state of particles takes place, the dispersion of their coordinates increases manifold, and the barrier transparency becomes many orders of magnitude higher at a low energy of interacting particles.
In many crystals with sufficient anharmonicity, special kinds of lattice vibrations, namely, discrete breathers (DBs) can be excited either thermally or by external triggering, in which the amplitude of atomic oscillations greatly exceeds that of harmonic oscillations (phonons).Coherency and persistence of large atomic oscillations in DBs may have drastic effect on quantum tunneling due to correlation effects discovered by Schrödinger and Robertson in 1930.These effects have been applied recently to the tunneling problem by Vysotskii et al., who demonstrated a giant increase of sub-barrier transparency during the increase of the correlation coefficient at special high-frequency periodic action on the quantum system.In the present paper, it is argued that DBs present the most natural and efficient way to produce correlation effects due to time-periodic modulation of the potential well width (or the Coulomb barrier width) and hence to act as breather 'nano-colliders' (BNC) triggering low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) in solids.The tunneling probability for deuterium (D-D) fusion in 'gap DBs' formed in metal deuterides is shown to increase with increasing numbers of oscillations by ⇠190 orders of magnitude, resulting in the observed LENR rate at extremely low concentrations of DBs.Possible ways of engineering the nuclear active environment based on the present concept are discussed.
We consider peculiarities of the formation of a coherent correlated state (CCS) of a low-energy particle under frequency modulation of parameters of a harmonic oscillator that contains this particle by a broadband nonmonochromatic or asymmetric pulsed action. It is shown that in the case of modulation with frequency-normalized intensity, the maximum efficiency of CCS formation corresponds to a narrow-band action, while broadband modulation is optimal for the action with a constant spectral density. As in the case of monochromatic modulation, the maximum correlation coefficient, |r|max, under the nonmonochromatic action corresponds to parametric resonance at frequency Ω ≈ 2ω0. Under a pulsed action, the maximum efficiency of CCS formation and, hence, the maximum probability of the tunnel effect, correspond to pulsed modulation with a short leading edge and a long trailing edge. In particular, under the action of a pulsed magnetic field with an amplitude of 10 kOe and the leading edge duration of 2 × 10–7 s on a gas with deuterium ions, a CCS can be formed with the correlation coefficient |r|max ≈ 0.9998, for which the tunneling effect probability under the dd interaction at temperature T ≈ 300–500 K increases from D r = 0 ≈ 10−80 to D∣r∣max⁡=0.9998≈0.1{D_{|r{|_{\max }} = 0.9998}} \approx 0.1D∣r∣max​=0.9998​≈0.1 . This process can occur in a gas with particle number density n < n cr ≈ 1017 cm−3. The method of CCS formation makes it possible to explain the results of an experiment in which substantial isotope changes were detected when a pulsed electric current and magnetic-field generation occurred.
Summary form only given. The development of methods to manipulate and measure the quantum mechanical state of a physical system represents one of the great challenges of modern science. Examples of systems in which quantum control is sought or has been accomplished include trapped atomic ions, the electromagnetic field, Rydberg electrons, nuclear spins and vibrations in molecules, and chemical reactions. For many years a paradigm for quantum coherent evolution has been the occurrence of tunneling in macroscopic and mesoscopic double-well potentials. Much theoretical work has been done on this model system, but a series of fundamental questions remain to be addressed in well-controlled experiments, notably whether coherent evolution can be enforced in the presence of a noisy environment, by suitable perturbations of the state of the tunneling particle. The challenge is to find simple physical systems, which can be made to interact with a well characterized environment in a controlled manner.
In 1954 the possibility of forming a “super‐radiant” (SR) state in a gas of atoms confined to a volume of a size smaller than the wave length of radiation was suggested by Dicke. The atoms, with two levels, are coupled through their common radiation field. This indirect coupling leads to a redistribution of decay widths among unstable intrinsic states. A strongly decaying SR state is created at the expense of the rest of the states of the system. The connection of this mechanism to the notion of doorway states in low‐energy nuclear reactions is discussed and applications to well known nuclear physics phenomena are presented.