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Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging

Practical schemes of detecting entanglement with a single Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer via quantum 2-design

Joonwoo Bae

Published Aug 30, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this work, we show that measurement in quantum 2-design, such as mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) or symmetric, informationally complete states (SICs), improves the capability of detecting entangled states both theoretically and experimentally. On the theoretical side, we show that measurement in quantum 2-design can detect entangled states twice compared to entanglement witnesses. On the implementation side, we present the scheme of entanglement detection with two detectors only of a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer. The experimental scheme applies single-copy level measurement followed by post-processing of measurement outcomes, which is feasible with current technologies.

DOI
10.1117/12.2273120

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In this work, we show that measurement in quantum 2-design, such as mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) or symmetric, informationally complete states (SICs), improves the capability of detecting entangled states both theoretically and experimentally. On the theoretical side, we show that measurement in quantum 2-design can detect entangled states twice compared to entanglement witnesses. On the implementation side, we present the scheme of entanglement detection with two detectors only of a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer. The experimental scheme applies single-copy level measurement followed by post-processing of measurement outcomes, which is feasible with current technologies.
We present an experimentally feasible and efficient method for detecting entangled states with measurements that extend naturally to a tomographically complete set. Our detection criterion for bipartite systems with equal dimensions is based on measurements from subsets of a quantum 2-design, e.g. mutually unbiased bases or symmetric informationally complete states, and has several advantages over standard entanglement witnesses. First, as more detectors in the measurement are applied, there is a higher chance of witnessing a larger set of entangled states, in such a way that the measurement setting converges to a complete setup for quantum state tomography. Secondly, our method is twice as effective as standard witnesses in the sense that both upper and lower bounds can be derived. Thirdly, the scheme can be readily applied to measurement-device-independent scenarios.
Entanglement is not only fundamental for understanding multipartite quantum systems but also generally useful for quantum information applications. Despite much effort devoted so far, little is known about minimal resources for detecting entanglement and also comparisons to tomography which reveals the full characterization. Here, we show that all entangled states can in general be detected in an experimental scheme that estimates the fidelity of two pure quantum states. An experimental proposal is presented with a single Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry in which only two detectors are applied regardless of the dimensions or the number of modes of quantum systems. This shows measurement settings for entanglement detection are in general inequivalent to tomography: the number of detectors in quantum tomography increases with the dimensions and the modes whereas it is not the case in estimation of fidelity which detects entangled states.
Abstract From a practical perspective it is advantageous to develop methods that verify entanglement in quantum states with as few measurements as possible. In this paper we investigate the minimal number of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) needed to detect bound entanglement in bipartite ( d × d ) -dimensional states, i.e. entangled states that are positive under partial transposition. In particular, we show that a class of entanglement witnesses (EWs) composed of MUBs can detect bound entanglement if the number of measurements is greater than d / 2 + 1 . This is a substantial improvement over other detection methods, requiring significantly fewer resources than either full quantum state tomography or measuring a complete set of d + 1 MUBs. Our approach is based on a partial characterisation of the (non-)decomposability of EWs. We show that non-decomposability is a universal property of MUBs, which holds regardless of the choice of complementary observables, and we find that both the number of measurements and the structure of the witness play an important role in the detection of bound entanglement.
Abstract Efficient certification and quantification of high dimensional entanglement of composite systems are challenging both theoretically as well as experimentally. Here, we demonstrate how to measure the linear entropy, negativity and the Schmidt number of bipartite systems from the visibility of Mach–Zehnder interferometer using single copies of the quantum state. Our result shows that for any two qubit pure bipartite state, the interference visibility is a direct measure of entanglement. We also propose how to measure the mutual predictability experimentally from the intensity patterns of the interferometric set-up without having to resort to local measurements of mutually unbiased bases. Furthermore, we show that the entanglement witness operator can be measured in a interference setup and the phase shift is sensitive to the separable or entangled nature of the state. Our proposal bring out the power of Interferometric set-up in entanglement detection of pure and several mixed states which paves the way towards design of entanglement meter.
Mutually unbiased measurements (MUMs) are generalized from the concept of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) and include the complete set of MUBs as a special case, but they are superior to MUBs as they do not need to be rank one projectors. We investigate entanglement detection using sets of MUMs and derive separability criteria for multipartite qudit systems, arbitrary high-dimensional bipartite systems of a d1-dimensional subsystem and a d2-dimensional subsystem, and multipartite systems of multi-level subsystems. These criteria are of the advantages of more effective and wider application range than previous criteria. They provide experimental implementation in detecting entanglement of unknown quantum states.
We describe a direct method for experimental determination of the negativity of an arbitrary two-qubit state with 11 measurements performed on multiple copies of the two-qubit system. Our method is based on the experimentally accessible sequences of singlet projections performed on up to four qubit pairs. In particular, our method permits the application of the Peres-Horodecki separability criterion to an arbitrary two-qubit state. We explicitly demonstrate that measuring entanglement in terms of negativity requires three measurements more than detecting two-qubit entanglement. The reported minimal set of interferometric measurements provides a complete description of bipartite quantum entanglement in terms of two-photon interference. This set is smaller than the set of 15 measurements needed to perform a complete quantum state tomography of an arbitrary two-qubit system. Finally, we demonstrate that the set of nine Makhlin's invariants needed to express the negativity can be measured by performing 13 multicopy projections. We demonstrate both that these invariants are a useful theoretical concept for designing specialized quantum interferometers and that their direct measurement within the framework of linear optics does not require performing complete quantum state tomography.