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Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies

A method of V-function: ultimate solution to the direct and inverse problems of dynamics for a hydrogen-like atom

N T Valishin, Sergey A. Moiseev

Published Aug 30, 2017• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Based on the method of V-function, a continuation of the optical-mechanical analogy is attained. In contrast to classic quantum mechanics, a trajectory-wave motion of the particle is explored. We highlight the presence of energy quantization of the particle and the availability of solution without a particle in the case of rectilinear uniform motion at constant speed. A solution to the direct and inverse problems of dynamics is searched for in a new statement for a hydrogen-like atom. When solving a direct problem, we find a stationary wave function of the electron in a hydrogen-like atom, with its properties investigated. When searching for a final solution to the stationary wave equation, we take into account a solution to the inverse problem of dynamics for the electron. A linear dependence between two particular solutions is shown. The second linearly independent solution is found, decaying exponentially to zero. We present charts of the stationary solution for a wave of the particle (electron) for three lower stationary states. Energy levels of a hydrogen-like atom are determined as a solution to the inverse problem of dynamics, which fully coincide with the classical results by Schrödinger and Bohr. A wave function is regarded as a physical reality, which makes it possible to open up new possibilities in order to study the structure of the microcosm

DOI
10.15587/1729-4061.2017.108831

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Progress of Theoretical Physics•Nov 1, 1963•1 citation
Based on the method of V-function, a continuation of the optical-mechanical analogy is attained. In contrast to classic quantum mechanics, a trajectory-wave motion of the particle is explored. We highlight the presence of energy quantization of the particle and the availability of solution without a particle in the case of rectilinear uniform motion at constant speed. A solution to the direct and inverse problems of dynamics is searched for in a new statement for a hydrogen-like atom. When solving a direct problem, we find a stationary wave function of the electron in a hydrogen-like atom, with its properties investigated. When searching for a final solution to the stationary wave equation, we take into account a solution to the inverse problem of dynamics for the electron. A linear dependence between two particular solutions is shown. The second linearly independent solution is found, decaying exponentially to zero. We present charts of the stationary solution for a wave of the particle (electron) for three lower stationary states. Energy levels of a hydrogen-like atom are determined as a solution to the inverse problem of dynamics, which fully coincide with the classical results by Schrödinger and Bohr. A wave function is regarded as a physical reality, which makes it possible to open up new possibilities in order to study the structure of the microcosm
The paper introduces a method of V-function, from which it follows that the trajectory motion of an object is connected with the wave motion. We formulate a local variational principle (LVP) and the basic theorems of the method of V-function, which allow a new statement of the direct and inverse dynamics problems. Based on the method of V-function, we consider the optical-mechanic analogy, which is presented in a new extended version and investigate the properties of the wave nature of electron motion in a hydrogen-like atom and the motion of an object (particle) for a harmonic oscillator. We demonstrate that in a physical sense, the wave V(x,t) characterizes the properties of an action showing itself in the motion of an object (particle). By its node, the wave is connected with the position of the particle and so leads it. The particle (trajectory) in its turn generates a wave propagating along it. We establish that the energy levels of a hydrogen-like atom, obtained using the method of V-function, correspond entirely to the classical results of quantum physics, while the energy levels of a harmonic oscillator do not contradict the known Schrodinger's results.
Abstract Based on the V -function method, the properties of wave nature of object motion are studied for object uniform motion with constant speed and for harmonic oscillator. It follows from the V -function method that object wave motion is inseparably linked with its trajectory motion. The V -function method consists of the principle of local variation and a new statement of the direct and inverse dynamics problems. The proposed approach made it possible to make the optico-mechanical analogy that obtained a new continuation. A comparison is made with the results obtained by Schrödinger for a harmonic oscillator.
Abstract On the basis of the V-function method, an optical-mechanical analogy is carried out; and further it receives a new continuation. In particular, the equality of the phase velocity of the wave and the velocity of the particle is shown. It is noted that according to its physical meaning the wave characterizes the properties of the action that manifests itself in the motion of the particle. The V-function method is based on the concept of a process-state and it consists of a local variational principle, a new formulation of the direct and inverse problem of dynamics. According to the V-function method, the trajectory motion of an object is associated with its wave motion. In this case it is assumed that there is an explicit connection between the trajectory and wave equations of the object. The application of the V-function method for the case of rectilinear motion of an object is shown.
In this work we propose a new approach to the explanation of the nature of electron based on the corpuscular-wave monism using the further development of the optical-mechanical analogy to describe the physical reality. In this theory the motion of an electron is considered to occur along a trajectory the presence of which is a reflection of the existence of a particle, as well as it is assumed that any motion is defined by a wave V(x,t). It is assumed that there is an explicit relationship between the trajectory and wave equations of the electron, which are established on the basis of the local variational principle. In this approach, an electron wave propagating in free space takes along the electron trajectory. We used this theory to describe the electron motion in a hydrogen-like atom and found its stationary states. The energies of these states coincide with the known quantum mechanics solutions for the stationary energies of the hydrogen-like atom, however, in our approach the spatial trajectories of the electron have the form of the surfaces, which are formed in the region of nodes of the standing electron wave. These surfaces have the form of spheres for the spherical symmetrical electron states and the radii of these spheres coincide with the radii of the Bohr orbits of these states. Thus, in this approach the trajectory and wave measurements of the electron get a consistent spatial description that is inherent to the picture of the corpuscular-wave monism. We discuss the considerable correspondence of the proposed theory with the quantum mechanics results describing the stationary and non-stationary motions of the electron in the atom and their difference. We believe that measuring of the spatial configuration of the observed electron trajectory surfaces in an atom could be a deep examination of the standard quantum theory.
The mere existence of stable atoms, and their arrangement into many-atom nanoscale structures, can only be explained by the laws of quantum mechanics. Indeed, the accumulated evidence regarding the internal structure of atoms motivated the formulation of quantum mechanics at the early twentieth century. Here we focus on single-electron (hydrogen-like) atoms. The dominance of the Coulomb central potential between the electron and nucleus, translates into a simple Schrödinger equation for their relative position distribution. Solving rigorously this equation reveals quantized energy levels, which explains the emission spectra of hydrogen-like atoms (Rydberg formula). The corresponding stationary probability density distributions for the electron around the nucleus are reminiscent of the Bohr model, where classical trajectories (orbits) are replaced by single-electron wave functions (orbitals). The degeneracies of different orbitals, associated with three quantum numbers, will later turn out to be critical for understanding many-electron atoms and the periodic table of the elements.
Introducing a dimensional unit \hbar into classical mechanics, we make classical wave functions √ρ1exp (iS1/\hbar)-√ρ2exp (iS2/\hbar) for a one-particle system in the configuration space where √ρ1exp (iS1/\hbar) corresponds to the incident path (or one half) of an orbit and √ρ2exp (iS2/\hbar) to the outgoing (or another half), and ρ's and S's are densities and actions respectively. These classical wave functions are compared with the corresponding wave functions of solutions of the Schrödinger equation for three one-particle systems, the scattering by a Coulomb potential, the linear harmonic oscillator and an electron bound by a Coulomb potential. From the essential correspondence between them it is concluded that the Schrödinger wave function describes the steady, causal but a little imaginary motion of the one-particle system as √ρexp (iS/\hbar) in the configuration space where ρ is a density and S an action, and that the states which the wave equation describes exist continuously (not discrete) and the (discrete) stationary states are the ones where √ρexp (iS/\hbar) is uniquely determined throughout an orbit. The Dirac equation shows that an electron of optics (or the electromagnetic wave equation) can be considered as the Schrödinger (or Dirac) equation for the motion of a photon, a particle, in a potential. A quantum-electrodynamical wave equation which is composed of the Dirac equation with a Coulomb potential and the electromagnetic wave equation is constructed for the steady motion of a one-electron system without recource to the so-called second-quantization method. It gives finite energy shifts. A line shift is calculated: ΔE(2S1/2 →2P1/2) \cong709 Mc/s.