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Wireless Networks

Efficient key generation leveraging channel reciprocity and balanced gray code

Furui Zhan, Nianmin Yao, Zhenguo Gao, Zhimao Lu, Bingcai Chen

Published Sep 1, 2017• 5 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11276-017-1579-x

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Due to the reciprocity of wireless channels, the communication parties can directly extract the shared key from channel. This solution were verified through several schemes. However, in real situations, channel sampling of legitimate transceivers might be impacted by noises and other interferences, which makes the channel states obtained by initiator and responder might be obvious different. The efficiency and even availability of physical layer key generation are thus reduced. In this paper, we propose a lightweight and efficient physical layer key generation scheme, which extract shared secret keys from channel state information (CSI). To improve the key generation process, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is employed to reduce differences of channel states of legitimate transceivers. Then, these outputs are quantified and encoded through multi-bit adaptive quantization(MAQ) quantizer and gray code to generate binary bit sequence, which can greatly reduce the bit error rate. Moreover, the low density parity check (LDPC) code and universal hashing functions are used to achieve information reconciliation and privacy amplifification. By adding preprocessing methods in the key generation process and using the rich information of CSI, the security of communications can be increased on the basis of improving the key generation rate. To evaluate this scheme, a number of experiments in various real environments are conducted. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can effificiently generate shared secret keys for nodes and protect their communication.
In TDD-OFDM systems, key generation relies on channel reciprocity, which assumes that the channel characteristics of the transmit and receive channels are identical. However, practical conditions such as hardware asymmetry, environmental noise, and multipath effects often disrupt this reciprocity, negatively impacting the accuracy and consistency of key generation. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel key generation scheme based on Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and K-Means quantization algorithm for TDD-OFDM system under unstable channel. The proposed approach uses Channel Reciprocity Learning Network (CRLN) for feature mapping to enhance the similarity of channel characteristics between the base station (Alice) and the legitimate user (Bob), effectively reducing the key disagreement rate. The physical layer key is derived from two sets of similar channel features, and the initial key is generated using the SOM-KMeans clustering algorithm combined with Gray coding. Experimental results demonstrate that this proposed method significantly lowers the key disagreement rate in unstable channels and achieves a superior key generation rate at high Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR) compared to other quantization techniques. Furthermore, the initial keys produced successfully pass the NIST randomness tests.