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Journal of Optics

Interference-based optical image encryption with silhouette removal by amplitude modulation

Wang Yong, Chenggen Quan

Published Aug 30, 2017• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Interference-based optical encryption schemes have an inherent silhouette problem, due to the equipollent nature of the phase-only masks generated from an analytical method. We propose a new interference-based optical image encryption with silhouette removal by amplitude modulation. Different from the previous methods, which require time-consuming iterative computation or post-processing of the phase-only masks for silhouette removal, the proposed method can resolve the problem by adding an amplitude modulating operation on the original image. The introduction of the amplitude modulator can significantly enhance the security of the system, and the silhouette problem inherent in a conventional interference-based encryption method is fully resolved. The design and parameter choice of the amplitude modulator is discussed. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the validity of the proposed method.

DOI
10.1088/2040-8986/aa7e37

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Abstract Interference-based optical encryption schemes have an inherent silhouette problem, due to the equipollent nature of the phase-only masks generated from an analytical method. We propose a new interference-based optical image encryption with silhouette removal by amplitude modulation. Different from the previous methods, which require time-consuming iterative computation or post-processing of the phase-only masks for silhouette removal, the proposed method can resolve the problem by adding an amplitude modulating operation on the original image. The introduction of the amplitude modulator can significantly enhance the security of the system, and the silhouette problem inherent in a conventional interference-based encryption method is fully resolved. The design and parameter choice of the amplitude modulator is discussed. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the validity of the proposed method.
We propose an asymmetric optical image encryption scheme with silhouette removal by using interference and equal modulus decomposition (EMD). Plaintext is first separated into two complex value masks with the same modulus using EMD in the Fresnel transform domain. The two masks are encoded into four phase-only masks (POMs), two of which are treated as ciphertexts and other two as plaintext-dependent private keys by using the inverse Fresnel transform with different diffraction distances and interference-based encryption. Any information about the plaintext, including its silhouette, cannot be retrieved using one, two, or even three of the four POMs. Our scheme also avoids the constraint of the same modulus in EMD and eliminates the vulnerability against the iterative amplitude-phase attack and advanced iterative amplitude-phase attack. Numerical simulations were used to verify the validity and security of our proposed method.
A novel optical encryption system based on non coherent superposition is proposed. In this system, the original image is hidden into three Phase Only Masks (POMs). One of the phase masks is generated by computer while another two are obtained analytically. For decryption, the diffraction filed of the three POMs is superposed by utilizing the beam splitters. The intensity of the superposition field, which is exactly the original image, could be recorded by CCD camera. Compared with the earlier interference-based method, our approach is simple and easy to be realized by optical elements. Moreover, the silhouette problem existing in the earlier method with two POMs can be resolved in our method, thus the security of the method is further improved. Simulation results are presented to verify the validity of the proposed approach.
Interference-based optical encryption schemes have an inherent silhouette problem due to the equipollent nature of the phase-only masks (POMs) generated using an analytical method. One of the earlier methods suggested that removing the problem by use of exchanging process between two masks increases the computational load. This shortcoming is overcome with a noniterative method using the jigsaw transformation (JT) in a single step, with improved security because the inverse JT of these masks, along with correct permutation keys that are necessary to decrypt the original image. The stringent alignment requirement of the POMs in two different arms during the experiment is removed with an alternative method using a single spatial light modulator. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the decryption process with the proposed method.
The security strength of an interference-based optical image cryptosystem with a designed amplitude modulator (AM) is evaluated. Compared to previous improved interference-based cryptosystems in which iterative or post-processing algorithms are involved, to remove the silhouette problem, a pre-designed AM is placed at the image plane to modulate the plaintext directly, which eliminates this drawback. Moreover, the AM is used as an additional private key, which enlarges the key space and further enhances the security system. However, we have noticed that one of the designed parameters in the AM has a low key sensitivity, which is fault-tolerant and is not required for precise reconstruction. Additionally, the AM is plaintext-independent, which means that the AM can be recovered first by using a pair of chosen plaintexts and the corresponding ciphertext. Based on these findings, we propose a hybrid algorithm that includes two chosen-plaintext attacks (CPAs) and a ciphertext-only attack (COA) to break the enhanced cryptosystem. Specially, CPAs with an impulse function and an arbitrarily given plaintext are proposed to retrieve two parameters in the AM. With the retrieved AM, information on the plaintext can be recovered from the corresponding ciphertext by two kinds of COAs without any knowledge of the private keys. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the interference-based cryptosystem with a designed AM has been cracked successfully, which may provide potential evidence for further security improvements. Numerical simulations are carried out to validate the feasibility of the proposed attacks.
In recent years, optical image encryption has attracted more and more attention in information security due to its unique advantages, such as parallel processing and multiple-parameter characteristics. In this paper, we propose a new method using three-dimensional (3D) processing strategy for interference-based optical image encryption. The plaintext is considered as a series of particles distributed in 3D space, and any one sectional extraction cannot render information about the plaintext during image decryption. In addition, the silhouette problem in the conventional interference-based optical encryption method is effectively suppressed, and the proposed optical cryptosystem can achieve higher security compared with the previous work. A numerical experiment is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
In conventional interference-based optical encryption schemes, a potential cracker can retrieve partial information (silhouette) of the secret image using only one phase-only mask (POM). We resolve this drawback using a phase-blend operation and piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM) to further encode the POMs. One cannot recover a secret image visibly when inverse phase-blend operation and inverse chaotic permutation are not carried out with the correct decryption keys. Chaotic parameters of PWLCM, and random phase-angle function in the phase-blend operation enlarge the key space and improve the security of the proposed system greatly. Numerical simulations and optoelectronic experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.