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Physical Science International Journal

“Uncertainty Relations” in the Group-theoretic Scheme of Quantum Mechanics

Nicolay V. Lunin

Published Jan 10, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Non-commutativity and uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics are considered here from the group-theoretic point of view. It is shown that uncertainty relation is connected with one of unit vector of orthogonal basis of spinor transformations space.The group-theoretic approach also demonstrates existence of relationship between non- commutativity and irreversibility.

DOI
10.9734/psij/2017/33792

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Non-commutativity and uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics are considered here from the group-theoretic point of view. It is shown that uncertainty relation is connected with one of unit vector of orthogonal basis of spinor transformations space.The group-theoretic approach also demonstrates existence of relationship between non- commutativity and irreversibility.
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The commutation relations, uncertainty relations, and spectra of position and momentum operators were studied within the framework of quantum group symmetric Heisenberg algebras and their (Bargmann) Fock representations. As an effect of the underlying noncommutative geometry, a length and a momentum scale appear, leading to the existence of nonzero minimal uncertainties in the positions and momenta. The usual quantum mechanical behavior is recovered as a limiting case for not too small and not too large distances and momenta.
Measurement outcomes of a quantum state can be genuinely random (unpredictable) according to the basic laws of quantum mechanics. The Heisenberg-Robertson uncertainty relation puts constrains on the accuracy of two non-commuting observables. The existing uncertainty relations adopt variance or entropic measures, which are functions of observed outcome distributions, to quantify the uncertainty. According to recent studies of quantum coherence, such uncertainty measures contain both classical (predictable) and quantum (unpredictable) components. In order to extract out the quantum effects, we define quantum uncertainty to be the coherence of the state on the measurement basis. We discover a quantum uncertainty relation of coherence between two measurement non-commuting bases. Furthermore, we analytically derive the quantum uncertainty relation for the qubit case with three widely adopted coherence measures, the relative entropy of coherence, the coherence of formation, and the l1l_1l1​ norm of coherence.
Analyzing general uncertainty relations one can find that there can exist such pairs of non-commuting observables A and B and such vectors that the lower bound for the product of standard deviations ΔA and ΔB calculated for these vectors is zero: ΔA·ΔB≥0. Here we discuss examples of such cases and some other inconsistencies which can be found performing a rigorous analysis of the uncertainty relations in some special cases. As an illustration of such cases matrices (2×2) and (3×3) and the position–momentum uncertainty relation for a quantum particle in the box are considered. The status of the uncertainty relation in PT–symmetric quantum theory and the problems associated with it are also studied.
The current state of the foundations of quantum mechanics is discussed. The analysis takes as its starting point the theory of probability amplitudes, which is intimately related to the group-theoretic approach. A detailed examination is presented of the relationships of classical and quantum theories, the transition to the classical limit, the different forms of uncertainty relations, and the properties of quantum structures determined by the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients. Possible future generalizations are examined, including those involving quantum algebras.
Given two or more non-commuting observables, it is generally not possible to simultaneously assign precise values to each. This quantum mechanical uncertainty principle is widely understood to be encapsulated by some form of uncertainty relation, expressing a trade-off between the standard deviations or other measures of uncertainty of two (or more) observables, resulting from their non-commutativity. Typically, such relations are coarse, and miss important features. It was not until very recently that a broader perspective on quantum uncertainty was envisaged and explored, one that utilises the notion of an uncertainty region. Here we review this new approach, illustrating it with pairs or triples of observables in the case of qubit and qutrit systems. We recall some of the shortcomings of traditional uncertainty relations, and highlight their inability to identify the full uncertainty region. These shortcomings suggest a precautionary note that, we surmise, ought to accompany the presentation of the uncertainty principle in introductory quantum mechanics courses.