Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEEE photonics journal

Three-Axis Atomic Magnetometer Employing Longitudinal Field Modulation

Zhichao Ding, Jie Yuan, Guangfeng Lu, Yingying Li, Xingwu Long

Published Aug 24, 2017• 32 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A three-axis atomic magnetometer employing longitudinal field modulation is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. The operational condition of this magnetometer is that the longitudinal z-component of the external magnetic field is dominant, which is achieved by applying a bias magnetic field. The longitudinal z-component of the external magnetic field is extracted from the modulation frequency, which tracks the resonance frequency, and the transversex- andy- components are, respectively, obtained from the quadrature and the in-phase signals of a lock-in amplifier. Through feedback control, the magnitude and direction of an external magnetic field can be measured in real time, and an excellent orthogonality of the three-axis magnetometer response is obtained. By optimizing the parameters of this three-axis magnetometer, a longitudinal field sensitivity of 0.3${\rm{pT}/ \rm{Hz}}^{1/ 2}$and a transverse field sensitivity of 2${\rm{pT}/ \rm{Hz}}^{1/ 2}$are achieved.

DOI
10.1109/jphot.2017.2743013

Related papers

Three-axis atomic magnetometer based on spin precession modulation

Hao Huang, Hai Feng Dong, Xiaofei Hu +2 more

We demonstrate a three-axis atomic magnetometer with one intensity-modulated pump beam and one orthogonal probe beam. The main field component is measured using the resonance of the pumping light, while the transverse field components are measured simultaneously using the optical rotation of the probe beam modulated by the spin precession. It is an all-optical magnetometer without using any modulation field or radio frequency field. Magnetic field sensitivity of 0.8 pT/Hz1∕2 is achieved under a bias field of 2 μT.

Applied Physics Letters•Nov 2, 2015•60 citations

Single-beam three-axis atomic magnetometer

Haichao Huang, Haifeng Dong, Lin Chen +1 more

A single-beam atomic magnetometer being operated near zero-field and measuring three-axis fields simultaneously is demonstrated. We produce a rotating field on the x-0-y plane with the frequency of 90 Hz and a modulation field in the z axis at 130 Hz. The rotating field enables a nonzero z axis output when the transverse fields are zeroed using feedback systems. Based on the phase difference of π/2, x and y axes fields can be measured using one lock-in amplifier. Magnetic field sensitivities of 300 fT/Hz1∕2 in x and y axes and 3 pT/Hz1∕2 in the z axis are achieved.

Applied Physics Letters•Aug 8, 2016•74 citations

Single-beam triaxial spin-exchange relaxation-free atomic magnetometer utilizing transverse modulation fields

Lin Li, Junjian Tang, Binbin Zhao +3 more

Abstract We display a single-beam triaxial spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer by utilizing two orthogonal transverse modulation fields perpendicular to the light. The magnetic field’s three-axis vector components can be extracted simultaneously and independently from the transmitted light by lock-in amplifiers with reference to the different demodulated frequencies. We find that the residual magnetic field is a significant factor that could affect triaxial coupling, and specially the influence of the z -axis remanence on xy -axis coupling is studied in detail. Under the optimal parameters, the three-axis sensitivities are 20 fT Hz − 1 / 2 in the x - and y - axis, and 230 fT Hz − 1 / 2 in the z -axis. Meanwhile, the three-axis bandwidths are 110 Hz, 138 Hz and 211 Hz in the x -, y - and z -axis, respectively. The proposed single-beam triaxial SERF atomic magnetometer could be used to construct a compact and low-cost atomic sensor that is particularly suitable for the vector measurement of the biomagnetic such as magnetoencephalography and magnetocardiography.

Journal of Physics D Applied Physics•Oct 24, 2022•22 citations

Miniature Wide-Range Three-Axis Vector Atomic Magnetometer

Jianjun Li, Deng Yicheng, Xuefeng Wang +2 more

A miniature wide-range three-axis vector atomic magnetometer under spin-exchange relaxation-free regime has been developed. With a cylindrical vapor cell of size 10 mm in diameter and length, we have constructed a single-beam configuration through a polarization-maintaining fiber carrying the laser beam to the sensor and a multimode fiber guiding the transmitted light field to the photodiode. A rotating field on the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the laser and another modulation field in the pump direction, which are generated in the field programmable gate array using direct digital synthesis to measure the three components of the magnetic field simultaneously. The spin-exchange relaxation is suppressed in zero field controlled by a feedback system, thus a wide range and excellent accuracy of three-axis vector atomic magnetometer response is obtained. Consequently, the transverse magnetic field sensitivity of 350 fT/Hz1/2and longitudinal field sensitivity of 3pT/Hz1/2are achieved with a dynamic range of 60000 nT. This sensor with compact size, wide range and high sensitivity is particularly suitable for geomagnetic observatory and space exploration.

IEEE Sensors Journal•Sep 13, 2021•14 citations

High bandwidth three-axis magnetometer based on optically polarized 85 Rb under unshielded environment

Hongying Yang, Ke Zhang, Yanhua Wang +1 more

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate a three-axis atomic magnetometer based on parametric oscillations, which can measure the three magnetic field components simultaneously and independently. A circularly polarized pump beam is applied to create the spin polarization, and another linearly polarized probe beam is used to detect the dynamics of the polarized spin under a magnetic field. With a closed-loop system to keep the magnetic field in resonance with the atoms, three components of magnetic field are measured by their feedback signals. We achieve a magnetometer sensitivity of 6 pT ( ) −1 , 25 pT ( ) −1 , and 60 pT ( ) −1 along three axes in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 kHz with a bandwidth better than 1 kHz under an unshielded environment. Furthermore, this magnetometer is free of optical modulation, which reduces the complexity of experimental setups. The methods we present here provide a prototype all-electrical three-axis atomic magnetometer.

Journal of Physics D Applied Physics•Nov 4, 2019•23 citations

Three-axis isotropic-sensitivity He4 magnetometer with alignment-based longitudinal parametric resonance

Bowen Wang, Xiang Peng, Wei Xiao +1 more

For measurements in near-zero magnetic fields, vector atomic magnetometers are promising alternatives to scalar versions, but generally suffer from inconsistent performance over three axes. We present a single-beam vector magnetometer with three-axis isotropic sensitivity based on $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ atomic alignment. Longitudinal parametric resonance with atoms pumped by linearly polarized light is proposed for the $z$-axis measurement, while the Hanle effect in transverse geometry is used for $x$- and $y$-axis measurements. The evolution of atomic alignment multipole components and expressions of the three-axis magnetic responses are analyzed in detail. We describe the experimental operation of the proposed magnetometer with a magnetic-field noise floor of $150\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fT}/{\mathrm{Hz}}^{1/2}$ for the three axes, which is attractive for biomagnetism requiring vector characterization and source reconstruction.

Physical Review A•Dec 12, 2022•6 citations
A three-axis atomic magnetometer employing longitudinal field modulation is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. The operational condition of this magnetometer is that the longitudinal z-component of the external magnetic field is dominant, which is achieved by applying a bias magnetic field. The longitudinal z-component of the external magnetic field is extracted from the modulation frequency, which tracks the resonance frequency, and the transversex- andy- components are, respectively, obtained from the quadrature and the in-phase signals of a lock-in amplifier. Through feedback control, the magnitude and direction of an external magnetic field can be measured in real time, and an excellent orthogonality of the three-axis magnetometer response is obtained. By optimizing the parameters of this three-axis magnetometer, a longitudinal field sensitivity of 0.3pT/Hz1/2{\rm{pT}/ \rm{Hz}}^{1/ 2}pT/Hz1/2and a transverse field sensitivity of 2pT/Hz1/2{\rm{pT}/ \rm{Hz}}^{1/ 2}pT/Hz1/2are achieved.
We demonstrate a three-axis atomic magnetometer with one intensity-modulated pump beam and one orthogonal probe beam. The main field component is measured using the resonance of the pumping light, while the transverse field components are measured simultaneously using the optical rotation of the probe beam modulated by the spin precession. It is an all-optical magnetometer without using any modulation field or radio frequency field. Magnetic field sensitivity of 0.8 pT/Hz1∕2 is achieved under a bias field of 2 μT.
A single-beam atomic magnetometer being operated near zero-field and measuring three-axis fields simultaneously is demonstrated. We produce a rotating field on the x-0-y plane with the frequency of 90 Hz and a modulation field in the z axis at 130 Hz. The rotating field enables a nonzero z axis output when the transverse fields are zeroed using feedback systems. Based on the phase difference of π/2, x and y axes fields can be measured using one lock-in amplifier. Magnetic field sensitivities of 300 fT/Hz1∕2 in x and y axes and 3 pT/Hz1∕2 in the z axis are achieved.
Abstract We display a single-beam triaxial spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer by utilizing two orthogonal transverse modulation fields perpendicular to the light. The magnetic field’s three-axis vector components can be extracted simultaneously and independently from the transmitted light by lock-in amplifiers with reference to the different demodulated frequencies. We find that the residual magnetic field is a significant factor that could affect triaxial coupling, and specially the influence of the z -axis remanence on xy -axis coupling is studied in detail. Under the optimal parameters, the three-axis sensitivities are 20 fT Hz − 1 / 2 in the x - and y - axis, and 230 fT Hz − 1 / 2 in the z -axis. Meanwhile, the three-axis bandwidths are 110 Hz, 138 Hz and 211 Hz in the x -, y - and z -axis, respectively. The proposed single-beam triaxial SERF atomic magnetometer could be used to construct a compact and low-cost atomic sensor that is particularly suitable for the vector measurement of the biomagnetic such as magnetoencephalography and magnetocardiography.
A miniature wide-range three-axis vector atomic magnetometer under spin-exchange relaxation-free regime has been developed. With a cylindrical vapor cell of size 10 mm in diameter and length, we have constructed a single-beam configuration through a polarization-maintaining fiber carrying the laser beam to the sensor and a multimode fiber guiding the transmitted light field to the photodiode. A rotating field on the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the laser and another modulation field in the pump direction, which are generated in the field programmable gate array using direct digital synthesis to measure the three components of the magnetic field simultaneously. The spin-exchange relaxation is suppressed in zero field controlled by a feedback system, thus a wide range and excellent accuracy of three-axis vector atomic magnetometer response is obtained. Consequently, the transverse magnetic field sensitivity of 350 fT/Hz1/2and longitudinal field sensitivity of 3pT/Hz1/2are achieved with a dynamic range of 60000 nT. This sensor with compact size, wide range and high sensitivity is particularly suitable for geomagnetic observatory and space exploration.
Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate a three-axis atomic magnetometer based on parametric oscillations, which can measure the three magnetic field components simultaneously and independently. A circularly polarized pump beam is applied to create the spin polarization, and another linearly polarized probe beam is used to detect the dynamics of the polarized spin under a magnetic field. With a closed-loop system to keep the magnetic field in resonance with the atoms, three components of magnetic field are measured by their feedback signals. We achieve a magnetometer sensitivity of 6 pT ( ) −1 , 25 pT ( ) −1 , and 60 pT ( ) −1 along three axes in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 kHz with a bandwidth better than 1 kHz under an unshielded environment. Furthermore, this magnetometer is free of optical modulation, which reduces the complexity of experimental setups. The methods we present here provide a prototype all-electrical three-axis atomic magnetometer.
For measurements in near-zero magnetic fields, vector atomic magnetometers are promising alternatives to scalar versions, but generally suffer from inconsistent performance over three axes. We present a single-beam vector magnetometer with three-axis isotropic sensitivity based on 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He atomic alignment. Longitudinal parametric resonance with atoms pumped by linearly polarized light is proposed for the zzz-axis measurement, while the Hanle effect in transverse geometry is used for xxx- and yyy-axis measurements. The evolution of atomic alignment multipole components and expressions of the three-axis magnetic responses are analyzed in detail. We describe the experimental operation of the proposed magnetometer with a magnetic-field noise floor of 150fT/Hz1/2150\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fT}/{\mathrm{Hz}}^{1/2}150fT/Hz1/2 for the three axes, which is attractive for biomagnetism requiring vector characterization and source reconstruction.