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Applied Physics Letters

Conversion between EIT and Fano spectra in a microring-Bragg grating coupled-resonator system

Zecen Zhang, Geok Ing Ng, Ting Hu, Haodong Qiu, Xin Guo, Wanjun Wang, Mohamed Saïd Rouifed, Chongyang Liu, Hong Wang

Published Aug 21, 2017• 38 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A conversion between the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) transmission and Fano transmission is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated in an all-pass microring-Bragg grating (APMR-BG) coupled-resonator system. In this work, the coupling between the two resonators (the microring resonator and the Fabry-Perot resonator formed by two Bragg gratings) gives rise to the EIT and Fano transmissions. The resonant status strongly depends on the round-trip attenuation of the microring and the coupling strength. By tuning the coupling strength, the EIT and Fano transmissions can be controlled and converted. The device performance has been theoretically calculated and analyzed with a specially developed numerical model based on the transfer matrix method. The APMR-BG coupled-resonator systems with different gap widths were designed, fabricated, and characterized on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. The conversion of resonance was experimentally observed and verified. In addition, this on-chip system has the advantage of a small footprint, and the fabrication process is compatible with the planar waveguide fabrication process.

DOI
10.1063/1.4990486

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A conversion between the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) transmission and Fano transmission is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated in an all-pass microring-Bragg grating (APMR-BG) coupled-resonator system. In this work, the coupling between the two resonators (the microring resonator and the Fabry-Perot resonator formed by two Bragg gratings) gives rise to the EIT and Fano transmissions. The resonant status strongly depends on the round-trip attenuation of the microring and the coupling strength. By tuning the coupling strength, the EIT and Fano transmissions can be controlled and converted. The device performance has been theoretically calculated and analyzed with a specially developed numerical model based on the transfer matrix method. The APMR-BG coupled-resonator systems with different gap widths were designed, fabricated, and characterized on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. The conversion of resonance was experimentally observed and verified. In addition, this on-chip system has the advantage of a small footprint, and the fabrication process is compatible with the planar waveguide fabrication process.
An all-pass microring-Bragg gratings (APMR-BG) based coupling resonant system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to generate electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like transmission for the first time. The coupling between two light path ways in the micro-ring resonator and the Fabry-Pérot (F-P) resonator formed by two sections of Bragg gratings gives rise to the EIT-like spectrum. This system has the advantage of a small footprint consisting of only one microring resonator and one bus waveguide with Bragg gratings. It also has a large fabrication tolerance as the overlap requirement between the resonance wavelengths of the microring and the F-P resonator is more relaxed. The two most important properties of the EIT-like transmission namely the insertion loss (IL) and the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) have been analytically investigated by utilizing the specially developed model based on the transfer matrix method. The APMR-BG based coupling resonant system was fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. The EIT-like transmission with an extinction ratio (ER) of 12 dB, a FWHM of 0.077 nm and a quality factor (Q factor) of 20200 was achieved, which agree well with the simulated results based on our numerical model. A slow light with a group delay of 38 ps was also obtained.
We propose and demonstrate an on-chip coupling resonant system to generate electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like effect and Fano resonance on silicon platform. It is composed of a microring resonator (MRR) and two cascaded Sagnac-loop mirrors (SLMs) assisted Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity on silicon-on-insulator. According to the coupling conditions of the MRR, two cases are studied theoretically. When the MRR is over coupling, EIT-like transmission can be observed. In contrast, Fano resonances can be generated by the condition of under coupling. In the experiment, the add-drop MRR is under coupling, leading to a sharp asymmetric line shape for Fano resonance. The resonance wavelength of the MRR can be dynamically tuned based on thermal-optic effects by tuning the micro-heater. The experiment results show Fano resonances with maximum extinction ratio (ER) of 23.22 dB and maximum slope rate (SR) of 252 dB/nm. Moreover, the wavelength of Fano resonance can be shifted widely with a tuning efficiency of 0.2335 nm/mW.
Microring resonators (MRRs) are key building blocks in integrated photonics, but their performances usually suffer from limitations in extinction ratio and slope rate (SR), primarily due to their symmetrical Lorentzian resonance line shape. To overcome these limitations, special transmission spectra (STS), such as Fano resonance and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like resonance, offer asymmetric line shapes that exhibit a higher extinction ratio (ER) and a steeper SR, thereby enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of optical switches, filters, and high-sensitivity sensors. However, the current reported works typically achieved only one type of STS and had limited tunability. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate a novel, to the best of our knowledge, device using two cascaded MRRs with different quality factors to generate Fano and EIT-like resonances at distinct ports. The ER can reach up to 31.2 dB with a sharp SR of 130.1 dB/ nm, for Fano resonance, and the EIT-like resonance is 12.4 dB. By adjusting the resonator wavelength of the MRRs and the phase shifter, the STS can be working at any desired wavelength. The device is demonstrated on a silicon-on-insulator platform, offering versatile application potential in optical sensors, slow and fast light generation, and microwave photonics.
A microring resonator consists of a ring side-coupled to a bus waveguide, where the light exchange is achieved by means of evanescent coupling mechanism.It is a strong candidate for integrated optics due to its advantage of compact size, cascadable input/output ports, and the compatibility of CMOS fabrication.The microring resonator can be used to create many interesting phenomena that are difficult to obtain in other classical configurations.This thesis focuses on the theoretical analysis and experimental realization of induced transparency in optical devices derived from ring resonators.In this thesis, I propose a ring-bus-ring Mach-Zehnder interferometer (RBRMZI) system based on a 3×3 coupler, and show that such a system can generate an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like spectrum via phase engineering facilitated by interpathways interference between RBR and MZI, instead of separate light interaction in two resonators alone.Both the transfer matrix formalism and the temporal coupled mode theory are investigated to model this induced transparency.The relationship between the two theories is obtained via the energy-conservation and Q-factors.In addition, the EIT-like spectrum in the RBRMZI is experimentally realized using silicon-oninsulator technology.The best RBRMZI device has a transparency with a bandwidth of 0.25nm, a free spectral range of 12nm and a Q-factor of ~6300.With further measurements of the devices having strong ring-bus coupling, we obtain a Q~18000 when the circumference of one ring is 43.4μm and the circumference of the other ring is slightly detuned by ~0.035%.Moreover, we achieve a roundtrip loss as small as ~0.5% of the input energy.The measurement results agree well with theoretical prediction and 2D-FDTD numerical calculations.
The analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency in optical methods has shown great potential in slow light and sensing applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrated a coupled resonator induced transparency system with three cascaded ring coupled resonators in a silicon chip. The structure was modeled by using the transfer matrix method. Influences of various parameters including coupling ratio of couplers, waveguide loss and additional loss of couplers on transmission characteristic and group index have been investigated theoretically and numerically in detail. The transmission character of the system was measured by the vertical grating coupling method. The enhanced quality factor reached 1.22 × 10⁵. In addition, we further test the temperature performance of the device. The results provide a new method for the manipulation of light in highly integrated optical circuits and sensing applications.