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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Quantized Vector Potential and the Photon Wave-function

Constantin Meis, Pierre‐Richard Dahoo

Published Dec 1, 2017• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The vector potential function ) , ( t r k & & O 0 2H Z k we define a six components function as a general function for a k-mode photon.The square of the modulus of the defined general function gives the energy density at a given coordinate which depends on the fourth power of the angular frequency.The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields of a single k-mode photon free of cavity are also calculated and it is shown that they are proportional to the square of the angular frequency.In this way, the influence of the photon electric and/or magnetic fields on the energy levels of atoms and molecules might be used for a non-destructive photon detection.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/936/1/012004

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The vector potential function ) , ( t r k & & O 0 2H Z k we define a six components function as a general function for a k-mode photon.The square of the modulus of the defined general function gives the energy density at a given coordinate which depends on the fourth power of the angular frequency.The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields of a single k-mode photon free of cavity are also calculated and it is shown that they are proportional to the square of the angular frequency.In this way, the influence of the photon electric and/or magnetic fields on the energy levels of atoms and molecules might be used for a non-destructive photon detection.
We employ here the enhancement of the vector potential amplitude quantization at a single photon state. The analysis of the general solution of the vector potential, obtained by resolving Maxwell’s equations, implies that the amplitude is proportional to the angular frequency. The photon vector potential function αkλ(r,t) can be written in the plane wave representation satisfying the classical wave propagation equation, Schrödinger’s equation for the energy with the relativistic massless field Hamiltonian and a linear time-dependent equation for the vector potential amplitude operator. Thus, the vector potential αkλ(r,t) with the quantized amplitude may play the role of a real wave function for the photon in a nonlocal representation that can be suitably normalized. We then deduce that the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields, respectively, of a single free photon are proportional to the square of the angular frequency. This might open perspectives for the development of nondestructive photon detection methods based on the influence of the electric and/or magnetic fields of photons on the energy levels of atoms and molecules.
A photon quantization volume is defined, an intrinsic physical geometrical property of a single photon state, showing that photons are not point particles and constitute a particular case in the standard particle model. Based on the quantized vector potential amplitude a photon wave function is established satisfying Schrödinger’s equation and normalized with respect to the quantization volume. The single photon electric and magnetic fields in vacuum are calculated independently on any external cavity parameter and they are proportional to the square of the frequency. The electromagnetic vacuum derives straightforward from the photon vector potential function and has both classical and quantum representations. The photon wave function is directly related to the electromagnetic vacuum states setting the fundamentals for understanding entanglement.
A photon quantization volume is defined, an intrinsic physical geometrical property of a single photon state, showing that photons are not point particles and constitute a particular case in the standard particle model. Based on the quantized vector potential amplitude a photon wave function is established satisfying Schrödinger’s equation and normalized with respect to the quantization volume. The single photon electric and magnetic fields in vacuum are calculated independently on any external cavity parameter and they are proportional to the square of the frequency. The electromagnetic vacuum derives straightforward from the photon vector potential function and has both classical and quantum representations. The photon wave function is directly related to the electromagnetic vacuum states setting the fundamentals for understanding entanglement.
A photon structure is advanced based on the experimental evidence and the vector potential quantization at a single photon level. It is shown that the photon is neither a point particle nor an infinite wave but behaves rather like a local “wave-corpuscle” extended over a wavelength, occupying a minimum quantization volume and guided by a non-local vector potential real wave function. The quantized vector potential oscillates over a wavelength with circular left or right polarization giving birth to orthogonal magnetic and electric fields whose amplitudes are proportional to the square of the frequency. The energy and momentum are carried by the local wave-corpuscle guided by the non-local vector potential wave function suitably normalized.
Using a quantum field theoretic description of the photon it is shown that, as intuitively expected but not before theoretically proven, the vector potential of a photon has a likely amplitude associated with a discrete frequency and therefore energy, and momentum. In particular, by finding the wave-functional for the vector potential, it is shown that the likely absolute amplitude spectrum has delta function at a given frequency. This analysis is extended to n-photon systems. It shows that such systems have a vector potential distribution whose most likely element has a strong sinusoidal component which has an amplitude corresponding to n-fold more energy than a single photon system. An analogous result for photons of different energy is also derived. Through the use of Parseval's theorem for stochastic systems, the calculations and associated analyses introduces a simple tool for exploring the nature of QFT Schrodinger wave-functional generally.
Canonical quantization of the electromagnetic (EM) field is carried out for the situation where the total charge and current densities are the sum of contributions from neutral dielectric atoms whose effect is to be described purely classically in terms of spatially dependent electric permittivity and magnetic permeability functions, and neutral, stationary radiative atoms whose interaction with the EM field is to be treated quantum mechanically. The coefficients for the expansion of the vector potential in terms of mode functions determined from a generalized Helmholtz equation are chosen as independent generalized coordinates for the EM field. The spatially dependent electric permittivity and magnetic permeability appear in a generalized Helmholtz's equation and the former also occurs in the mode function orthogonality and normalization conditions. The quantum Hamiltonian is derived in a generalized multipolar form rather than the minimal coupling form obtained in other work. The radiative energy is the sum of quantum harmonic oscillator terms, one for each mode. The modes are independent in the present case of exact mode functions associated with the spatially dependent electric permittivity and magnetic permeability, there being no direct mode-mode coupling terms. In the electric dipole approximation the electric interaction energy contribution for each mode and radiative atom is proportional to the scalar product of the dipole operator with the mode function evaluated at the atom, times the annihilation operator, plus the Hermitian adjoint. This form has been widely used in studies of radiative processes for atomic systems in dielectric media, and it is justified here via the canonical quantization procedure. The results apply to the theoretical treatment of numerous quantum optical experiments involving such interactions in the presence of passive, lossless, dispersionless, linear classical optics devices such as resonator cavities, lenses, beam splitters, and so on. An illustrative application of the theory for atomic decay in a one-dimensional Fabry-Perot cavity is given. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.