The Nonlocal Nature of Electromagnetic Interactions

Arthur B. Komar

Kicheon Kang

We propose a quantitative test of the quantum nonlocality in the electromagnetic interaction that generates the Aharonov-Bohm effect. For this purpose, we derive an interaction Lagrangian based on the local action of gauge-invariant quantities only, and compare it with the standard potential-based (nonlocal) Lagrangian. It is shown that the two models provide identical results for any phenomena involving classical equations of motion or topological quantum phases. Interestingly, we find an example violating this equivalence, that is, the interference of single charges coproduced from two independent sources. The two models yield different predictions of the interference fringe produced by the electromagnetic interaction and, therefore, one can decide which model is appropriate for describing the electromagnetic interaction in general. This result has profound implications as it can settle the issue of dynamical nonlocality in the quantum electromagnetic interaction.

James E Beecham

For more than a century, physics has relied upon two enormously successful butphilosophically incomplete frameworks: Quantum Mechanics (QM) and Electromagnetism(EM). Quantum Mechanics provides extraordinary predictive capability at microscopicscales, yet leaves unresolved foundational questions concerning wave-particle duality,measurement, nonlocal correlations, and the apparent action-at-a-distance implied byquantum entanglement. Electromagnetism, meanwhile, accurately describes electric andmagnetic phenomena but does so within a framework that abandoned the concept of aphysically conditionable medium. As a result, EM provides mathematical description whileoffering limited explanation of how fields exist, propagate, and interact with matter at adeeper ontological level.The Space-Phase (SP3) framework proposes that space is not empty but is instead aconditionable medium possessing physical properties. Within this view, both quantumphenomena and electromagnetic phenomena emerge naturally from interactions betweenmatter, energy, and the Space-Phase medium. Apparent paradoxes become consequencesof medium behavior rather than indications of fundamental mystery. This paper examinesthe conceptual limitations of QM and EM and discusses how Space-Phase offers a unifiedexplanatory framework extending from laboratory physics to cosmological observations,includin

H.P. Tran

Гарий Владимирович Ефимов

Kolade Matthew Owolabi, Sonal Jain, Eben Maré

Classical Maxwell–Bloch models are often inadequate for describing electromagnetic wave propagation in complex optical media where memory effects, anomalous relaxation processes, and long-range electromagnetic interactions are important. To address these limitations, this work develops a fractional nonlocal Maxwell–Bloch framework that simultaneously incorporates Caputo fractional temporal memory and nonlocal electromagnetic coupling. The principal novelty lies in the unified treatment of temporal memory and spatial nonlocality within the Maxwell–Bloch framework, together with the corresponding analysis of their effects on optical-wave dynamics. The proposed model captures hereditary polarization dynamics and spatially distributed electromagnetic interactions that are not represented in the standard local integer-order formulation. The analytical part establishes the well-posedness structure of the governing system, including existence, boundedness, and stability properties of solutions in appropriate functional spaces. A spectral stability analysis is further employed to characterize fractional instability thresholds and transitions in the resulting wave propagation. Numerical simulations demonstrate the emergence of localized fractional optical structures, memory-dependent pulse propagation, nonlinear wave interactions, and complex dynamical regimes. A systematic parametric study further shows that variations in the fractional order significantly modify the electric-field profile, energy evolution, and pulse amplitude. The results demonstrate that the combined effects of fractional temporal memory and spatial nonlocality can substantially alter the propagation and stability of electromagnetic waves compared with the classical Maxwell–Bloch limit. The framework therefore provides a unified mathematical and computational basis for investigating memory-dependent and spatially nonlocal optical dynamics.