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Scientific Reports

Physical implementation of oblivious transfer using optical correlated randomness

Tomohiro Ito, Hayato Koizumi, Nobumitsu Suzuki, Izumi Kakesu, Kento Iwakawa, Atsushi Uchida, Takeshi Koshiba, Jun Muramatsu, Kazuyuki Yoshimura, Masanobu Inubushi, Peter Davis

Published Aug 10, 2017• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate physical implementation of information-theoretic secure oblivious transfer based on bounded observability using optical correlated randomness in semiconductor lasers driven by common random light broadcast over optical fibers. We demonstrate that the scheme can achieve one-out-of-two oblivious transfer with effective key generation rate of 110 kb/s. The results show that this scheme is a promising approach to achieve information-theoretic secure oblivious transfer over long distances for future applications of secure computation such as privacy-preserving database mining, auctions and electronic-voting.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-017-08229-x

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We demonstrate physical implementation of information-theoretic secure oblivious transfer based on bounded observability using optical correlated randomness in semiconductor lasers driven by common random light broadcast over optical fibers. We demonstrate that the scheme can achieve one-out-of-two oblivious transfer with effective key generation rate of 110 kb/s. The results show that this scheme is a promising approach to achieve information-theoretic secure oblivious transfer over long distances for future applications of secure computation such as privacy-preserving database mining, auctions and electronic-voting.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a physical-layer key distribution scheme using commonly-driven laser synchronization with random modulation of drive light. Two parameter-matched semiconductor lasers injected by a common complex drive light are used as entropy sources for legitimate users. Legitimate users generate their own random signal by randomly time-division multiplexing of two random sequences with a certain duration according to individual control codes, and then independently modulate the drive light. Laser synchronization is achieved during time slots when the modulation sequences of two users are identical, and thus provide highly correlated randomness for extracting random numbers as shared keys. Experimental results show that the random modulation of the drive light reduces the correlation between the drive light and laser outputs. In addition, laser synchronization is sensitive to the modulation delay and then the latter can be used as an additional hardware parameter. These mean that security is enhanced. In addition, the proposed method has a short laser synchronization recovery time of lower than 1.1 ns, meaning a high rate of key distribution. The upper limit of final key rate of 2.55 Gb/s with a criterion of bit error rate of 1.68 × 10 −3 is achieved in experiments. Our results provide a promising candidate for protecting the security of optical fiber communication.
We demonstrate a method for information theoretic secure key generation based on practical physical limits of continuous data acquisition from a rapidly fluctuating random signal generated by a chaotic semiconductor laser and transmitted over an optical fiber. Users independently and randomly grab sections of the chaotic waveform, separate into tag and key parts, and exchange tag parts to identify the common key parts which can be used to make secure keys. The frequency of trigger pulses in the waveform is used to control the security of the scheme which depends on the small probability of a third party coincidentally acquiring samples acquired by two other users.
Motivated by the applications of secure multi-party computation as a privacy-protecting data analysis tool, and identifying oblivious transfer as one of its main practical enablers, we propose a practical realization of randomized quantum oblivious transfer. By using only symmetric cryptography primitives to implement commitments, we construct computationally secure randomized oblivious transfer without the need for public-key cryptography or assumptions imposing limitations on the adversarial devices. We show that the protocol is secure under an indistinguishability-based notion of security and demonstrate an experimental implementation to test its real-world performance. Its security and performance are then compared to both quantum and classical alternatives, showing potential advantages over existing solutions based on the noisy storage model and public-key cryptography.
It has been proposed that a secure key distribution scheme using correlated random bit sequences can be implemented using common random-signal induced synchronization of semiconductor laser systems. In this scheme it is necessary to use laser systems consisting of multiple cascaded lasers to be secure against a powerful eavesdropper. In this paper, we report the results of an experimental study that demonstrate that the common random-signal induced synchronization is possible in cascaded semiconductor laser systems. We also show that the correlated random bit sequences generated in the synchronized cascaded laser systems can be used to create an information-theoretically secure key between two legitimate users.
Oblivious transfer is an important primitive in modern cryptography.Applications include secure multiparty computation, oblivious sampling, e-voting, and signatures.Information-theoretically secure perfect 1-out-of 2 oblivious transfer is impossible to achieve.Imperfect variants, where both participants' ability to cheat is still limited, are possible using quantum means while remaining classically impossible.Precisely what security parameters are attainable remains unknown.We introduce a theoretical framework for studying semirandom quantum oblivious transfer, which is shown to be equivalent to regular oblivious transfer in terms of cheating probabilities.We then use it to derive bounds on cheating.We also present a protocol with lower cheating probabilities than previous schemes, together with its optical realization.We show that a lower bound of 2 3 on the minimum achievable cheating probability can be directly derived for semirandom protocols using a different method and definition of cheating than used previously.The lower bound increases from 23 to approximately 0.749 if the states output by the protocol are pure and symmetric.The oblivious transfer scheme we present uses unambiguous state elimination measurements and can be implemented with the same technological requirements as standard quantum cryptography.In particular, it does not require honest participants to prepare or measure entangled states.The cheating probabilities are 3 4 and approximately 0.729 for sender and receiver, respectively, which is lower than in existing protocols.Using a photonic testbed, we have implemented the protocol with honest parties, as well as optimal cheating strategies.Because of the asymmetry of the receiver's and sender's cheating probabilities, the protocol can be combined with a "trivial" protocol to achieve an overall protocol with lower average cheating probabilities of approximately 0.74 for both sender and receiver.This demonstrates that, interestingly, protocols where the final output states are pure and symmetric are not optimal in terms of average cheating probability.