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Quantum Image Processing and Storage with Four Wave Mixing

Paul D. Lett

Published Aug 10, 2016• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Abstract : Interest in the field of quantum optics has largely been motivated by demonstrating the unique features of the quantum world in the context of light. Taking advantage of these quantum properties of light to make advances in the context of metrology and measurement science has been the practical goal of our lab, and of the work supported under this grant. In particular, while many groups have worked toward demonstrating quantum features of light and how they can be used to advantage in fundamental scientific as well as some practical experiments, it has often been in the restricted context of a single spatial mode. In imaging terms this means a single pixel in an optical system. Our goal has been to attempt to expand the quantum advantages into multi-pixel imaging applications as well as to improve and simplify some of the single-spatial-mode applications of squeezed light through the use of four-wave mixing (4WM) in atomic vapors.

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Abstract : Interest in the field of quantum optics has largely been motivated by demonstrating the unique features of the quantum world in the context of light. Taking advantage of these quantum properties of light to make advances in the context of metrology and measurement science has been the practical goal of our lab, and of the work supported under this grant. In particular, while many groups have worked toward demonstrating quantum features of light and how they can be used to advantage in fundamental scientific as well as some practical experiments, it has often been in the restricted context of a single spatial mode. In imaging terms this means a single pixel in an optical system. Our goal has been to attempt to expand the quantum advantages into multi-pixel imaging applications as well as to improve and simplify some of the single-spatial-mode applications of squeezed light through the use of four-wave mixing (4WM) in atomic vapors.
The fields of quantum and nonlinear optics have given rise to a variety of nonclassical states of light that have been proven to surpass certain limitations set by classical physics. Namely, certain squeezed and entangled states have been shown to beat the shot-noise limit when making precision phase measurements in interferometry, as well as write lithographic patterns that are smaller than classically allowed by the Rayleigh diffraction limit. Additionally, single-photon sources and entangled photon pairs have given rise to provably secure quantum key distribution for cryptography. Producing these quantum states of light has proven a difficult task. Nonlinear crystals, when pumped by a laser, produce pairs of single photons via the process of spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC). This process is mediated by the second order nonlinear susceptibility of the material. When pumped in a high gain regime, these crystals give rise to optical parametric amplification, which is a viable source of squeezed light. The vast majority of research in this area has focused on crystals that are seeded by vacuum in their two modes. This dissertation concerns the field of quantum nonlinear optics. It is an investigation into the processes that occur when nonlinear materials interact with the electromagnetic field on the single photon level. I have focused on seeding nonlinear crystals with quantum states of light, including single photons and entangled states. This process results in various states directly applicable to interferometry, imaging, and cryptography. Another application investigated is an absolute radiance measurement via stimulated parametric down conversion resulting from non-vacuum seeding of a nonlinear crystal. Additionally, other nonlinear processes, including four-wave mixing, nonlinear magneto-optical effects and coherent population trapping in warm atomic vapor involving quantum states of light are investigated. The process of seeding third-order nonlinear interactions, such as in atomic vapors, gives rise to a variety of interesting, nonclassical phenomena such as entangled image transfer and nonlocal imaging. Strong analogies between SPDC and four-wave mixing are drawn. I also experimentally show an all optical pi-only phase shift of one light beam via another in warm Cesium vapor.
The spatial character of the noise on a light field affects its usefulness for imaging. Multi-spatial-mode (MSM) squeezed light has noise below the quantum noise limit in multiple spatial modes, and can be used for super resolution imaging. The generation of such light has long been an experimental goal within the field of quantum optics. \n \nThis work introduces the theory behind the generation of squeezed light, and its measurement using a homodyne detector. A four-wave mixing process in a rubidium 85 vapour is used to experimentally generate squeezed light. The properties of this squeezed light are investigated, through the use of homodyne detection with a bichromatic LO. \n \nThis thesis further investigates how the squeezed quadrature changes from amplitude to phase over a range of 40 MHz. The MSM nature of a squeezed light field is directly investigated. The field is shown to contain at least 75 squeezed spatial modes in the frequency domain, each squeezed at a level of up to -2.5 dB. This thesis develops techniques to measure the spatial character of noise on a light field in the time domain. These are promising techniques for the analysis of the MSM nature of a squeezed light in the time domain.
Entangled multi-spatial-mode fields have interesting applications in quantum information, such as parallel quantum information protocols, quantum computing, and quantum imaging. We study the use of a nondegenerate four-wave mixing process in rubidium vapor at 795 nm to demonstrate generation of quantum-entangled images. Owing to the lack of an optical resonator cavity, the four-wave mixing scheme generates inherently multi-spatialmode output fields. We have verified the presence of entanglement between the multi-mode beams by analyzing the amplitude difference and the phase sum noise using a dual homodyne detection scheme, measuring more than 4 dB of squeezing in both cases. This paper will discuss the quantum properties of amplifiers based on four-wave-mixing, along with the multi mode properties of such devices.