Entanglement verification protocols for distributed systems based on the Quantum Recursive Network Architecture.

Marius Nagy, Selim G. Akl

Rodney Van Meter, Ryosuke Satoh, Naphan Benchasattabuse +6 more

Entangled quantum communication is advancing rapidly, with laboratory and metropolitan testbeds under development, but to date there is no unifying Quantum Internet architecture. We propose a Quantum Internet architecture centered around the Quantum Recursive Network Architecture (QRNA), using RuleSet-based connections established using a two-pass connection setup. Scalability and internetworking (for both technological and administrative boundaries) are achieved using recursion in naming and connection control. In the near term, this architecture will support end-to-end, two-party entanglement on minimal hardware, and it will extend smoothly to multiparty entanglement and the use of quantum error correction on advanced hardware in the future. For a network internal gateway protocol, we recommend (but do not require) qDijkstra with seconds per Bell pair as link cost for routing; the external gateway protocol is designed to build recursively. The strength of our architecture is shown by assessing extensibility and demonstrating how robust protocol operation can be confirmed using the RuleSet paradigm.

Francesco Atzori, Nijil Lal Cheriya Koyyottummal, Cory M. Nunn +6 more

Kentaro Teramoto, Michal Hajdušek, Toshihiko Sasaki +2 more

A scalable and robust infrastructure for arbitrary quantum communication and distributed quantum computation will realize enhanced as well as new applications that are beyond the reach of classical communication networks. Quantum internetworking, which achieves large-scale quantum networks by building recursively on smaller quantum networks, is a promising approach. However, there are two big difficulties: decomposing end-to-end quantum communication, which is actually a complex distributed computing spanning classical and quantum computing, into processing for each subnetwork; and supporting future network functionality sustainably. In this work, we propose design principles for a quantum internetworking protocol based on the quantum recursive network architecture (QRNA) utilizing the RuleSet-based approach. We design two distinct approaches for recursion in quantum networks, namely link- and node-recursion. We demonstrate how end-to-end Bell pairs are generated over our internetworking systems, and evaluate the scaling of inputs to the distributed processing, via implementation on the Quantum Internet Simulation Package (QuISP). Our subnetwork recursion demonstrates the long-term future scalability as the size of and demands made on the Quantum Internet.

David W. Lyons, Scott N. Walck

Local unitary stabilizer subgroups constitute powerful invariants for distinguishing various types of multipartite entanglement. In this paper, we show how stabilizers can be used as a basis for entanglement verification protocols on distributed quantum networks using minimal resources. As an example, we develop and analyze the performance of a protocol to verify membership in the space of Werner states, that is, multiqubit states that are invariant under the action of any one-qubit unitary applied to all the qubits.

Saeed Ahmad