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Frontiers in Physics

Nilpotent Quantum Mechanics: Analogs and Applications

Peter J. Marcer, Peter Rowlands

Published Jul 18, 2017• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The most significant characteristic of nilpotent quantum mechanics is that the quantum system (fermion state) and its environment (vacuum) are, in mathematical terms, mirror images of each other. So a change in one automatically leads to corresponding changes in the other. We have used this characteristic as a model for self-organization, which has applications well beyond quantum physics. The nilpotent structure has also been identified as being constructed from two commutative vector spaces. This construction has a number of identifiable characteristics which we can expect to find in systems where self-organization is dominant, and a case presented after the publication of a paper by us on ‘The ‘Logic’ of Self-Organizing Systems’,1 in the organization of the neurons in the visual cortex. We expect to find many more complex systems where our general principles, based, by analogy, on nilpotent quantum mechanics, will apply.

DOI
10.3389/fphy.2017.00028

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The most significant characteristic of nilpotent quantum mechanics is that the quantum system (fermion state) and its environment (vacuum) are, in mathematical terms, mirror images of each other. So a change in one automatically leads to corresponding changes in the other. We have used this characteristic as a model for self-organization, which has applications well beyond quantum physics. The nilpotent structure has also been identified as being constructed from two commutative vector spaces. This construction has a number of identifiable characteristics which we can expect to find in systems where self-organization is dominant, and a case presented after the publication of a paper by us on ‘The ‘Logic’ of Self-Organizing Systems’,1 in the organization of the neurons in the visual cortex. We expect to find many more complex systems where our general principles, based, by analogy, on nilpotent quantum mechanics, will apply.
We address the question of description of qubit system in a formalism based on the nilpotent commuting variables. In this formalism qubits exhibit properties of composite objects being subject of the Pauli exclusion principle, but otherwise behaving boson-like. They are not fundamental particles. In such an approach the classical limit yields the nilpotent mechanics. Using the space of ηηη-wavefunctions, generalized Schrödinger equation etc. we study properties of pure qubit systems and also properties of some composed, hybrid models: fermion-qubit, boson-qubit. The fermion-qubit system can be truly supersymmetric, with both SUSY partners having identical spectra. It is new and very interesting that SUSY transformations relate here only nilpotent object. The ηηη-eigenfunctions for the qubit-qubit system give the set of Bloch vectors as a natural basis. Then the ηηη-formalism is applied to the description of the pure state entanglement. Nilpotent commuting variables were firstly used in this context in [A. Mandilara, et. al., Phys. Rev. A \textbf{74}, 022331 (2006)], we generalize and extend approach presented there. Our main tool for study the entanglement or separability of states are Wronskians of ηηη-functions. The known invariants and entanglement monotones for systems of n=2,3,4n=2,3,4n=2,3,4 qubits are expressed in terms of the Wronskians. This approach gives criteria for separability of states and insight into the flavor of entanglement of the system and simplifies description.
We develop a generalized quantum mechanical formalism based on the nilpotent commuting variables (η-variables). In the nonrelativistic case such formalism provides natural realization of a two-level system (qubit). Using the space of η-wavefunctions, η-Hilbert space and generalized Schrödinger equation we study properties of pure multiqubit systems and also properties of some composed, hybrid models: fermion–qubit, boson–qubit. The fermion–qubit system can be truly supersymmetric, with both SUSY partners having identical spectra. It is a novel feature that SUSY transformations relate here only nilpotent object. The η-eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian for the qubit–qubit system give the set of Bloch vectors as a natural basis.
We propose a general method for introducing extensive characteristics of quantum entanglement. The method relies on polynomials of nilpotent raising operators that create entangled states acting on a reference vacuum state. By introducing the notion of tanglemeter, the logarithm of the state vector represented in a special canonical form and expressed via polynomials of nilpotent variables, we show how this description provides a simple criterion for entanglement as well as a universal method for constructing the invariants characterizing entanglement. We compare the existing measures and classes of entanglement with those emerging from our approach. We derive the equation of motion for the tanglemeter and, in representative examples of up to four-qubit systems, show how the known classes appear in a natural way within our framework. We extend our approach to qutrits and higher-dimensional systems, and make contact with the recently introduced idea of generalized entanglement. Possible future developments and applications of the method are discussed.
We propose a general method for introducing extensive characteristics of quantum entanglement. The method relies on polynomials of nilpotent raising operators that create entangled states acting on a reference vacuum state. By introducing the notion of tanglemeter, the logarithm of the state vector represented in a special canonical form and expressed via polynomials of nilpotent variables, we show how this description provides a simple criterion for entanglement as well as a universal method for constructing the invariants characterizing entanglement. We compare the existing measures and classes of entanglement with those emerging from our approach. We derive the equation of motion for the tanglemeter and, in representative examples of up to four-qubit systems, show how the known classes appear in a natural way within our framework. We extend our approach to qutrits and higher-dimensional systems, and make contact with the recently introduced idea of generalized entanglement. Possible future developments and applications of the method are discussed.