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Entropy

Artificial Noise-Aided Physical Layer Security in Underlay Cognitive Massive MIMO Systems with Pilot Contamination

Hayder Al-Hraishawi, Gayan Amarasuriya Aruma Baduge, Rafael F. Schaefer

Published Jul 10, 2017• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, a secure communication model for cognitive multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with underlay spectrum sharing is investigated. A secondary (cognitive) multi-user massive MIMO system is operated by using underlay spectrum sharing within a primary (licensed) multi-user massive MIMO system. A passive multi-antenna eavesdropper is assumed to be eavesdropping upon either the primary or secondary confidential transmissions. To this end, a physical layer security strategy is provisioned for the primary and secondary transmissions via artificial noise (AN) generation at the primary base-station (PBS) and zero-forcing precoders. Specifically, the precoders are constructed by using the channel estimates with pilot contamination. In order to degrade the interception of confidential transmissions at the eavesdropper, the AN sequences are transmitted at the PBS by exploiting the excess degrees-of-freedom offered by its massive antenna array and by using random AN shaping matrices. The channel estimates at the PBS and secondary base-station (SBS) are obtained by using non-orthogonal pilot sequences transmitted by the primary user nodes (PUs) and secondary user nodes (SUs), respectively. Hence, these channel estimates are affected by intra-cell pilot contamination. In this context, the detrimental effects of intra-cell pilot contamination and channel estimation errors for physical layer secure communication are investigated. For this system set-up, the average and asymptotic achievable secrecy rate expressions are derived in closed-form. Specifically, these performance metrics are studied for imperfect channel state information (CSI) and for perfect CSI, and thereby, the secrecy rate degradation due to inaccurate channel knowledge and intra-cell pilot contamination is quantified. Our analysis reveals that a physical layer secure communication can be provisioned for both primary and secondary massive MIMO systems even with the channel estimation errors and pilot contamination.

DOI
10.3390/e19070349

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In this paper, a secure communication model for cognitive multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with underlay spectrum sharing is investigated. A secondary (cognitive) multi-user massive MIMO system is operated by using underlay spectrum sharing within a primary (licensed) multi-user massive MIMO system. A passive multi-antenna eavesdropper is assumed to be eavesdropping upon either the primary or secondary confidential transmissions. To this end, a physical layer security strategy is provisioned for the primary and secondary transmissions via artificial noise (AN) generation at the primary base-station (PBS) and zero-forcing precoders. Specifically, the precoders are constructed by using the channel estimates with pilot contamination. In order to degrade the interception of confidential transmissions at the eavesdropper, the AN sequences are transmitted at the PBS by exploiting the excess degrees-of-freedom offered by its massive antenna array and by using random AN shaping matrices. The channel estimates at the PBS and secondary base-station (SBS) are obtained by using non-orthogonal pilot sequences transmitted by the primary user nodes (PUs) and secondary user nodes (SUs), respectively. Hence, these channel estimates are affected by intra-cell pilot contamination. In this context, the detrimental effects of intra-cell pilot contamination and channel estimation errors for physical layer secure communication are investigated. For this system set-up, the average and asymptotic achievable secrecy rate expressions are derived in closed-form. Specifically, these performance metrics are studied for imperfect channel state information (CSI) and for perfect CSI, and thereby, the secrecy rate degradation due to inaccurate channel knowledge and intra-cell pilot contamination is quantified. Our analysis reveals that a physical layer secure communication can be provisioned for both primary and secondary massive MIMO systems even with the channel estimation errors and pilot contamination.
In this paper, the detrimental effects of intra-cell pilot contamination for physical layer secure communication in cognitive multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with underlay spectrum sharing are investigated. The channel estimates at the primary base-station (PBS) and secondary base-station are obtained by using non-orthogonal pilot sequences transmitted by the primary user nodes and secondary user nodes, respectively. Hence, these channel estimates are affected by intra-cell pilot contamination. Furthermore, a passive multi-antenna eavesdropper is assumed to be eavesdropping upon either the primary or secondary confidential transmissions. In this context, a physical layer security strategy is provisioned for the primary and secondary transmissions via artificial noise generation at the PBS and zero-forcing precoders. For this system set-up, the average and asymptotic achievable secrecy rate expressions are derived in closed-form, and thereby, the secrecy rate degradation due to intra-cell pilot contamination is quantified. Our analysis reveals that a physical layer secure communication can be provisioned for both primary and secondary massive MIMO systems even with channel estimation errors and pilot contamination.
In this paper, a secure communication model for cognitive multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with underlay spectrum sharing is investigated. A secondary (cognitive) multi-user massive MIMO system is underlaid within a primary (licensed) multi-user massive MIMO system. A passive multi-antenna eavesdropper is eavesdropping upon either the primary or secondary transmission. To this end, physical layer secure transmissions are provisioned for both primary and secondary systems by exploiting linear precoders and artificial noise (AN) generation. The excess degrees-of-freedom at the primary massive MIMO base-station are exploited to transmit the AN sequence by using random AN shaping matrices for the purpose of degrading the signal decodability at the eavesdropper. Achievable asymptotic secrecy rates for infinitely many base-station antennas are derived, and these secrecy rates are shown to be independent of the eavesdropper channels. Moreover, for infinitely many secondary base-station antennas, the secondary system becomes independent of the primary system allowing it to operate at its maximum transmission power without disturbing the primary system.
In this paper, we consider physical layer security provisioning in multi-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Specifically, we consider secure downlink transmission in a multi-cell massive MIMO system with matched-filter precoding and artificial noise (AN) generation at the base station (BS) in the presence of a passive multi-antenna eavesdropper. We investigate the resulting achievable ergodic secrecy rate and the secrecy outage probability for the cases of perfect training and pilot contamination. Thereby, we consider two different AN shaping matrices, namely, the conventional AN shaping matrix, where the AN is transmitted in the null space of the matrix formed by all user channels, and a random AN shaping matrix, which avoids the complexity associated with finding the null space of a large matrix. Our analytical and numerical results reveal that in multi-cell massive MIMO systems employing matched-filter precoding (1) AN generation is required to achieve a positive ergodic secrecy rate if the user and the eavesdropper experience the same path-loss, (2) even with AN generation secure transmission may not be possible if the number of eavesdropper antennas is too large and not enough power is allocated to channel estimation, (3) for a given fraction of power allocated to AN and a given number of users, in case of pilot contamination, the ergodic secrecy rate is not a monotonically increasing function of the number of BS antennas, and (4) random AN shaping matrices provide a favourable performance/complexity tradeoff and are an attractive alternative to conventional AN shaping matrices.
In this paper, we study the problem of secure transmission in the downlink of a multi-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, where pilot contamination is considered due to non-orthogonal uplink training sequence. The channel state information (CSI) of the eavesdropper is assumed to be unavailable at the base station (BS) and hence, the BS cooperation and an artificial noise(AN) are investigated for secrecy enhancement. Based on regularized channel inversion (RCI), we derive a closed-form expression for ergodic secrecy sum rate in the large-system regime, in which the number of users per cell K, the number of antenna at BS N and the number of antenna at eavesdropper NEtend to infinity. Our analysis shows that the secrecy sum-rate saturates at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with BSs cooperation and AN under pilot contamination.
In this paper, we consider physical layer security provisioning in multicell massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Specifically, we consider secure downlink transmission in a multicell massive MIMO system with matched-filter precoding and artificial noise (AN) generation at the base station (BS) in the presence of a passive multiantenna eavesdropper. We investigate the resulting achievable ergodic secrecy rate and the secrecy outage probability for the cases of perfect training and pilot contamination. Thereby, we consider two different AN shaping matrices, namely, the conventional AN shaping matrix, where the AN is transmitted in the null space of the matrix formed by all user channels, and a random AN shaping matrix, which avoids the complexity associated with finding the null space of a large matrix. Our analytical and numerical results reveal the following, in multicell massive MIMO systems employing matched-filter precoding: 1) AN generation is required to achieve a positive ergodic secrecy rate if the user and the eavesdropper experience the same path loss; 2) even with AN generation, secure transmission may not be possible if the number of eavesdropper antennas is too large and not enough power is allocated to channel estimation; 3) for a given fraction of power allocated to AN and a given number of users, in case of pilot contamination, the ergodic secrecy rate is not a monotonically increasing function of the number of BS antennas; and 4) random AN shaping matrices provide a favorable performance/complexity tradeoff and are an attractive alternative to conventional AN shaping matrices.
An overview over secure communication in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems is presented. A massive MIMO base-station serves multiple user nodes by provisioning physical layer security techniques to secure the confidential transmissions against an eavesdropper. The eavesdropper can either be passively eavesdropping upon the communication or can actively contaminate the channel estimates. The achievable secrecy rates for these settings are reviewed, and their asymptotic behavior is discussed. Finally, a detection scheme for active pilot contamination attacks is discussed.