The output randomness from a random number generator can be certified by observing the violation of quantum contextuality inequalities based on the Kochen-Specker theorem. Contextuality can be tested in a single quantum system, which significantly simplifies the experimental requirements to observe the violation comparing to the ones based on nonlocality tests. However, it is not yet resolved as to how to ensure compatibilities for sequential measurements that is required in contextuality tests. Here, we employ a modified Klyachko-Can-Binicio\ifmmode \breve{g}\else \u{g}\fi{}lu-Shumovsky contextuality inequality, which can ease the strict compatibility requirement on measurements. On a trapped single ${}^{138}{\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ ion system, we experimentally demonstrate violation of the contextuality inequality and realize quantum random number expansion by closing detection loopholes. We perform $1.29\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ trials of experiments and extract a randomness of $5.28\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ bits with a speed of $270\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{bits}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Our demonstration paves the way for practical high-speed spot-checking quantum random number expansion and other secure information processing applications.The output randomness from a random number generator can be certified by observing the violation of quantum contextuality inequalities based on the Kochen-Specker theorem. Contextuality can be tested in a single quantum system, which significantly simplifies the experimental requirements to observe the violation comparing to the ones based on nonlocality tests. However, it is not yet resolved as to how to ensure compatibilities for sequential measurements that is required in contextuality tests. Here, we employ a modified Klyachko-Can-Binicio\ifmmode \breve{g}\else \u{g}\fi{}lu-Shumovsky contextuality inequality, which can ease the strict compatibility requirement on measurements. On a trapped single ${}^{138}{\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ ion system, we experimentally demonstrate violation of the contextuality inequality and realize quantum random number expansion by closing detection loopholes. We perform $1.29\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ trials of experiments and extract a randomness of $5.28\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ bits with a speed of $270\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{bits}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Our demonstration paves the way for practical high-speed spot-checking quantum random number expansion and other secure information processing applications.

arXiv:1902.00244Physical Review AppliedMar 31, 202021 citations

Certified quantum randomness

Pironio

Conference on Lasers and Electro-OpticsJan 1, 20120 citations

Experimental Certification of Random Numbers via Quantum Contextuality

Mark Um, Xiang Zhang, Junhua Zhang +5 more

The intrinsic unpredictability of measurements in quantum mechanics can be used to produce genuine randomness. Here, we demonstrate a random number generator where the randomness is certified by quantum contextuality in connection with the Kochen-Specker theorem. In particular, we generate random numbers from measurements on a single trapped ion with three internal levels, and certify the generated randomness by showing a bound on the minimum entropy through observation of violation of the Klyachko-Can-Binicioglu-Shumovsky (KCBS) inequality. Concerning the test of the KCBS inequality, we close the detection efficiency loophole for the first time and make it relatively immune to the compatibility loophole. In our experiment, we generate 1 × 10(5) random numbers that are guaranteed to have 5.2 × 10(4) bits of minimum entropy with a 99% confidence level.The intrinsic unpredictability of measurements in quantum mechanics can be used to produce genuine randomness. Here, we demonstrate a random number generator where the randomness is certified by quantum contextuality in connection with the Kochen-Specker theorem. In particular, we generate random numbers from measurements on a single trapped ion with three internal levels, and certify the generated randomness by showing a bound on the minimum entropy through observation of violation of the Klyachko-Can-Binicioglu-Shumovsky (KCBS) inequality. Concerning the test of the KCBS inequality, we close the detection efficiency loophole for the first time and make it relatively immune to the compatibility loophole. In our experiment, we generate 1 × 10(5) random numbers that are guaranteed to have 5.2 × 10(4) bits of minimum entropy with a 99% confidence level.

Scientific ReportsApr 9, 201370 citations

Quantum Randomness

Yale University Press eBooksNov 11, 20250 citations

Certified randomness in quantum physics

Antonio Acín, Lluís Masanes

arXiv:1708.00265NatureDec 1, 2016301 citations

{}^{138}{\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}

ion system, we experimentally demonstrate violation of the contextuality inequality and realize quantum random number expansion by closing detection loopholes. We perform $1.29\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ trials of experiments and extract a randomness of $5.28\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ bits with a speed of $270\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{bits}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Our demonstration paves the way for practical high-speed spot-checking quantum random number expansion and other secure information processing applications.