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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Decay of Josephson Superflow via Vortex-Ring Emission

Nick P. Proukakis, Klejdja Xhani, Kean Loon Lee, Luca Galantucci, Andrea Trombettoni, Giacomo Valtolina, Francesco Scazza, Andrea Amico, C. Fort, Matteo Zaccanti, A. Burchianti, G. Roati

Published Jun 6, 2017• 0 citations
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We demonstrate that the evolution of superflows in interacting persistent currents of ultracold gases is strongly affected by symmetry breaking of the quantum vortex dynamics. We study counter-propagating superflows in a system of two parallel rings in regimes of weak (a Josephson junction with tunneling through the barrier) and strong (rings merging across a reduced barrier) interactions. For the weakly interacting toroidal Bose–Einstein condensates, formation of rotational fluxons (Josephson vortices) is associated with spontaneous breaking of the rotational symmetry of the tunneling superflows. The influence of a controllable symmetry breaking on the final state of the merging counter-propagating superflows is investigated in the framework of a weakly dissipative mean-field model. It is demonstrated that the population imbalance between the merging flows and the breaking of the underlying rotational symmetry can drive the double-ring system to final states with different angular momenta.
We study the metastability and decay of multiply-charged superflow in a ring-shaped atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. Supercurrent corresponding to a giant vortex with topological charge up to q=10 is phase-imprinted optically and detected both interferometrically and kinematically. We observe q=3 superflow persisting for up to a minute and clearly resolve a cascade of quantised steps in its decay. These stochastic decay events, associated with vortex-induced 2π2 \pi2π phase slips, correspond to collective jumps of atoms between discrete q values. We demonstrate the ability to detect quantised rotational states with > 99 % fidelity, which allows a detailed quantitative study of time-resolved phase-slip dynamics. We find that the supercurrent decays rapidly if the superflow speed exceeds a critical velocity in good agreement with numerical simulations, and we also observe rare stochastic phase slips for superflow speeds below the critical velocity.
We study the metastability and decay of multiply charged superflow in a ring-shaped atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. Supercurrent corresponding to a giant vortex with topological charge up to q=10q=10q=10 is phase imprinted optically and detected both interferometrically and kinematically. We observe q=3q=3q=3 superflow persisting for up to a minute and clearly resolve a cascade of quantized steps in its decay. These stochastic decay events, associated with vortex-induced $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ phase slips, correspond to collective jumps of atoms between discrete qqq values. We demonstrate the ability to detect quantized rotational states with $>999999%$ fidelity, which allows a detailed quantitative study of time-resolved phase-slip dynamics. We find that the supercurrent decays rapidly if the superflow speed exceeds a critical velocity in good agreement with numerical simulations, and we also observe rare stochastic phase slips for superflow speeds below the critical velocity.
We propose an ac-driven atomic Josephson junction as a clean and tunable source of three dimensional (3D) solitary waves in quantum fluids. Depending on the height of the junction barrier, the emitted excitations appear as vortex rings at low velocity or vorticity-free rarefaction pulses near the sound velocity, thus spanning the complete Jones-Roberts family of solitons. The Shapiro-step phenomenon renders the emission deterministic: on the first, second, third Shapiro steps, the junction ejects one, two, and three solitary excitations per drive cycle. This enables controlled generation of single- and multi-excitation configurations, allowing detailed studies of the full crossover between vortex rings and rarefaction pulses and their interaction dynamics. In particular, deterministic multi-ring emission provides insights into leapfrogging dynamics of two and three coaxial rings and their decay via boundary-assisted, sound-mediated processes. This ac-driven protocol establishes a compact and reproducible platform for generating, classifying, and controlling 3D solitonic excitations, paving the way for precision studies of nonlinear vortex dynamics, dissipation, and quantum turbulence in trapped superfluids.