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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Quantum Chemistry and Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics in an Atom-Ion Hybrid Trap

Prateek Puri, Michael Mills, Steven J. Schowalter, A. J. Dunning, Christian Schnieder, Kuang Chen, Eric Hudson

Published Jun 6, 2017• 0 citations
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Sympathetic cooling of trapped ions through collisions with neutral buffer gases is critical to a variety of modern scientific fields, including fundamental chemistry, mass spectrometry, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics. Despite its widespread use over four decades, there remain open questions regarding its fundamental limitations. To probe these limits, here we examine the steady-state evolution of up to 10 barium ions immersed in a gas of three-million laser-cooled calcium atoms. We observe and explain the emergence of nonequilibrium behaviour as evidenced by bifurcations in the ion steady-state temperature, parameterized by ion number. We show that this behaviour leads to the limitations in creating and maintaining translationally cold samples of trapped ions using neutral-gas sympathetic cooling. These results may provide a route to studying non-equilibrium thermodynamics at the atomic level.

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Experiments involving trapped ultracold matter are of great interest to a diverse range of fields, from spectroscopy and quantum computing to ultracold chemistry. Hybrid traps allowing for the simultaneous confinement of charged and uncharged matter extend the scope of these experiments, but have not yet benefited from the miniaturisation of the trapping architectures demonstrated for traps which only confine either ions or neutral particles. This miniaturisation greatly enhances the spatial resolution of the forces with which the trapped particles are manipulated, and this thesis details the design and fabrication of a prototype miniaturised hybrid trap to take advantage of this increased precision. The co-trapping of ions and neutral particles leads to multiple mechanisms by which the energy distributions of the trapped ions may deviate from thermal statistics, which have previously been treated largely empirically. In this thesis, these effects are explored numerically and analytically to provide a theoretical framework for this behaviour through the formalism of superstatistics. The results derived here explain the deviations from thermal statistics observed in precision spectroscopy experiments and resolve outstanding questions about both the mechanism by which ions acquire a non-thermal energy distribution during buffer gas cooling with neutral atoms and the analytical form of this distribution. This significantly improves the ability to correctly interpret the results of experiments, and is applicable not only to the hybrid chip trap developed here, but to hybrid ion-neutral traps in general.
Sympathetic cooling of trapped ions through collisions with neutral buffer gases is critical to a variety of modern scientific fields, including fundamental chemistry, mass spectrometry, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics. Despite its widespread use over four decades, there remain open questions regarding its fundamental limitations. To probe these limits, here we examine the steady-state evolution of up to 10 barium ions immersed in a gas of three-million laser-cooled calcium atoms. We observe and explain the emergence of nonequilibrium behaviour as evidenced by bifurcations in the ion steady-state temperature, parameterized by ion number. We show that this behaviour leads to the limitations in creating and maintaining translationally cold samples of trapped ions using neutral-gas sympathetic cooling. These results may provide a route to studying non-equilibrium thermodynamics at the atomic level.