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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

From dipolar to multipolar interactions between ultracold Feshbach molecules

Goulven Quéméner, Maxence Lepers, Eliane Luc-Koenig, Olivier Dulieu

Published May 24, 2016• 0 citations
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Ultracold Feshbach molecules are a crucial intermediate step for the creation of quantum degenerate gases of strongly dipolar molecules. After coherent transfer to the rovibrational ground state, these dimers can realize stable dipolar gases with strong, tunable long-range interactions. Here, we report the creation of bosonic Na 23 K 41 Feshbach molecules by radio-frequency (RF) association. An RF pulse applied on the molecular side of an interspecies Feshbach resonance at 73.6(1) G associates up to 1.1 ( 1 ) × 10 4 molecules from a thermal mixture of Na 23 and K 41 atoms. Measurements of the binding energy reveal a broad resonance width of 5.1(2) G, facilitating robust control over interspecies interactions. The molecule lifetime in the presence of background atoms exceeds 2 ms and increases to approximately 7 ms after removal of Na 23 . These results constitute a key step toward the production of ultracold Na 23 K 41 ground-state molecules and for pursuing shielded evaporative cooling in the dipolar regime.
In a combined experimental and theoretical effort, we demonstrate a novel type of dipolar system made of ultracold bosonic dipolar molecules with large magnetic dipole moments. Our dipolar molecules are formed in weakly bound Feshbach molecular states from a sample of strongly magnetic bosonic erbium atoms. We show that the ultracold magnetic molecules can carry very large dipole moments and we demonstrate how to create and characterize them, and how to change their orientation. Finally, we confirm that the relaxation rates of molecules in a quasi-two-dimensional geometry can be reduced by using the anisotropy of the dipole-dipole interaction and that this reduction follows a universal dipolar behavior.
Abstract Using the multipolar expansion of electrostatic and magnetostatic potential energies, we characterize the long-range interactions between two weakly-bound diatomic molecules, taking as an example the paramagnetic Er 2 Feshbach molecules which were produced recently. Since inside each molecule individual atoms conserve their identity, the intermolecular potential energy can be expanded as the sum of pairwise atomic potential energies. In the case of Er 2 Feshbach molecules, we show that the interaction between atomic magnetic dipoles gives rise to the usual term of the multipolar expansion, where R is the intermolecular distance, but also to additional terms scaling as and so on. Those terms are due to the interaction between effective molecular multipole moments, and are strongly anisotropic with respect to the orientation of the molecules. Similarly, the atomic pairwise van der Waals interaction results in ... terms in the intermolecular potential energy. By calculating the reduced electric-quadrupole moment of erbium ground level a.u., we also demonstrate that the electric–quadrupole interaction energy is negligible with respect to the magnetic dipole and van der Waals interaction energies. The general formalism presented in this article can be applied to calculate the long-range potential energy between arbitrary charge distributions composed of almost free subsystems.