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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Spin diffusion of ultracold 87Rb in inhomogeneous spin-dependent potentials

J. M. McGuirk, Dorna Niroomand, Sean Graham

Published Jun 7, 2017• 0 citations
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Ultra-cold trapped atoms, with their high degree of tunability, provide ideal model systems to study physical phenomena with applications in many different fields of research. This thesis describes studies on spin transport phenomenon in a trapped ultra-cold spin-polarized 87Rb gas at temperatures above quantum degeneracy. This work is focused on the less studied regime of cross-over between classical and quantum transport. Diffusion is a fundamental dissipative process that tends to relax any system towards a state of minimum inhomogeneity. In this work we study longitudinal spin diffusion as a special case of spin transport. The system studied here consists of two anti-parallel longitudinal spin domains separated by a helical domain-wall. We report that the diffusion process manifests a significant deviation from classical diffusion due to purely quantum mechanical modifications. The two-domain spin textures are prepared using optical and microwave pulse techniques, and the dynamics of the spin structure is studied as it relaxes towards the final equilibrium state. Generally, there is a wide range of parameter space that could be studied. In this work we focused our studies on the effects related to the degree of coherence in the domainwall as well as the effective magnetic field acting on the spins. By controllably tuning these experimental parameters, we studied in detail how the spatiotemporal behaviour of the diffusion dynamics is modified. Our results show that the longitudinal spin diffusion time scales depend sensitively on the domain-wall degree of coherence. External magnetic field gradients also alter the dynamics noticeably, manifesting a significant dependence on the sign of the applied field gradients.
Recently, anomalous superdiffusion of ultracold 87Rb atoms in an optical lattice has been observed along with a fat-tailed, Lévy type, spatial distribution. The anomalous exponents were found to depend on the depth of the optical potential. We find, within the framework of the semiclassical theory of Sisyphus cooling, three distinct phases of the dynamics as the optical potential depth is lowered: normal diffusion; Lévy diffusion; and x∼t(3/2) scaling, the latter related to Obukhov's model (1959) of turbulence. The process can be formulated as a Lévy walk, with strong correlations between the length and duration of the excursions. We derive a fractional diffusion equation describing the atomic cloud, and the corresponding anomalous diffusion coefficient.