It is pointed out that the behaviour of certain appropriate ensembles of a class of Hamiltonian systems can be described in terms of a set of probability amplitudes obeying Schrodinger like equations. Such a description leads to a new concept of described by the different equations. Such have in fact been observed experimentally recently in a certain classical mechanical system and thus testify to the validity of the probability amplitude description for the classical deterministic system. The possibility of the existence of new modes of quantum behaviour corresponding to the new ensemble modes other than the Schrodinger mode is also pointed out.
It is pointed out that the behaviour of certain appropriate ensembles of a class of Hamiltonian systems can be described in terms of a set of probability amplitudes obeying Schrodinger like equations. Such a description leads to a new concept of described by the different equations. Such have in fact been observed experimentally recently in a certain classical mechanical system and thus testify to the validity of the probability amplitude description for the classical deterministic system. The possibility of the existence of new modes of quantum behaviour corresponding to the new ensemble modes other than the Schrodinger mode is also pointed out.
A generalized dynamics is postulated in a product space R3×S1 with R3 representing the configuration space of a one particle system to which is attached the U(1) fibre bundle represented by the manifold S1. The manifold S1 is chosen to correspond to the action phase, with the action being the principal function corresponding to the associated classical dynamical system. A Hilbert space representation of the flow equation representing the dynamics in the above product space is then obtained, which is found to yield a probability amplitude formalism in terms of a generalized set of equations of the Schrödinger form which constitutes a covering formalism for both quantum and classical mechanics. Being labelled by an integral index n, the equation corresponding to n=1 is identified with the Schrödinger equation, while equations corresponding to n→large yield the classical dynamics through the WKB limit. Equations with lower indices n=2,3,4,... predict the existence of new modes of non-classical behaviour, the observational implications of which are discussed. Some preliminary experimental results are presented which point to the existence of these modes of non-classical behaviour.
By re-expressing the generalized Schrodinger equation in its coordinate representation in terms of amplitude and phase of the state vector, a quantum-mechanical change of a system can be made to correspond to an ensemble of classical motions of the system to which is added some internal potential. This ensemble may be taken as the statistical. This enables an alternative formulation of quantum mechanics with which is associated that classical picture. Such a formulation leads, however, if developed straightforwardly according to the picture, to a theoretical scheme quite different from that of ordinary quantum mechanics concerning the problems other than the equation of motion. Furthermore, this formulation is not applicable to Fermions when spin, or exclusion principle is taken into account. Bohm's recent renewed form of the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics referring to this formulation is criticized in several points. On this formulation we can construct a singular ensemble which is shown to correspond to the transformation kernel of the wave function to infinitesimally later instant, and thus a connection between this formulation and that of Feynman's is taken out. Hydrodynamical picture formally equivalent to the statistical picture in one-body problems is also considered, and from such analogy certain formal generalization of Schrodinger equation is suggested.
Abstract The new mechanics of the atom introduced by Heisenberg may be based on the assumption that the variables that describe a dynamical system do not obey the commutative law of multiplication, but satisfy instead certain quantum conditions. One can build up a theory without knowing anything about the dynamical variables except the algebraic laws that they are subject to, and can show that they may be represented by matrices whenever a set of uniformising variables for the dynamical system exists. It may be shown, however (see 3), that there is no set of uniformising variables for a system containing more than one electron, so that the theory cannot progress very far on these lines. A new development of the theory has recently been given by Schrödinger. Starting from the idea that an atomic system cannot be represented by a trajectory, i. e., by a point moving through the co-ordinate space, but must be represented by a wave in this space, Schrödinger obtains from a variation principle a differential equation which the wave function ψ must satisty. This differential equation turns out to be very closely connected with the Hamiltonian equation which specifies the system, namely, if H (qr, Pr - W = 0 is the Hamiltonian equation of the system, where the qr, Pr are canonical variables, then the wave equation for ψ is {H(qr, ih ∂/∂q) - W} ψ = 0.
We show that the Schrödinger equation describes the ensemble mean dynamics of solitons in a Galilean invariant field theory where we interpret solitons as particles. On a zero background, solitons move classically, following Newton's second law; however, on a nonzero amplitude chaotic background, their momentum and position fluctuate fulfilling an exact uncertainty relation, which gives rise to the emergence of quantum phenomena. The Schrödinger equation for the ensemble of solitons is obtained from this exact uncertainty relation, and the amplitude of the background fluctuations is what corresponds to the value of ℏ . We confirm our analytical results running simulations of solitons moving against a potential barrier and comparing the ensemble probabilities with the predictions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, providing a deterministic version of the quantum tunneling effect. We conclude with a discussion of how our theory does not present statistical independence between measurement and experiment outcomes.
Quantum dynamics (e.g., the Schrödinger equation) and classical dynamics (e.g., Hamilton equations) can both be formulated in equal geometric terms: a Poisson bracket defined on a manifold. The difference between both worlds is due to the presence of extra structure in the quantum case, that leads to the appearance of the probabilistic nature of the measurements and the indetermination and superposition principles. In this paper we first show that the quantum-classical dynamics prescribed by the Ehrenfest equations can also be formulated within this general framework, what has been used in the literature to construct propagation schemes for Ehrenfest dynamics. Then, the existence of a well defined Poisson bracket allows to arrive to a Liouville equation for a statistical ensemble of Ehrenfest systems. The study of a generic toy model shows that the evolution produced by Ehrenfest dynamics is ergodic and therefore the only constants of motion are functions of the Hamiltonian. The emergence of the canonical ensemble characterized by the Boltzmann's distribution follows after an appropriate application of the principle of equal a priori probabilities to this case. This work provides the basis for extending stochastic methods to Ehrenfest dynamics.
It is pointed out that the nonlinear equation which corresponds to the Schrödinger equation in the classical limit, and which is equivalent to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, has pure state solutions describing particle ensembles of a certain kind. These pure states may be combined to form mixed states corresponding to ensembles of a more general sort. An example is given in the case of reflection from a potential barrier. The existence of mixtures of states, without the superpositions like those in quantum mechanics, helps one to understand how a classical system can serve as a measuring instrument.