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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Absolute Calibration of Analog Photodiodes with Correlated Twin Beams from Four-wave Mixing

Meng-Chang Wu, Brian Anderson, Bonnie L. Schmittberger, Alan L. Migdall, Paul D. Lett

Published Jun 7, 2017• 0 citations
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We present a scheme based on the use of bright entangled twin beams for the calibration of analog photodiodes, providing an extension of the schemes for calibrating photon-counting detectors with photon pairs. Previous proposals for the calibration of analog photodiodes with entangled beams are based on a stimulated parametric process operating in the low-gain regime. We start by showing that in those proposals it is necessary to know the exact value of the gain as any error in estimating it will lead to an error in the calibration of the quantum efficiency. We then introduce a technique that is independent of the gain, thus eliminating the uncertainty introduced from errors in estimating the gain or experimental fluctuations of parameters that affect the gain. A proof of principle implementation of this technique using bright twin beams obtained from a four-wave mixing process in rubidium vapor shows its viability for the calibration of analog photodiodes.

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Towards Low-frequency Squeezed Light and Its Applications with Four-wave Mixing in Rubidium Vapor

Meng-Chang Wu

We study a variety of mechanisms that introduce noise into squeezed light generated by a four-wave mixing (4WM) process in Rb vapor. The noise from the seeding beam itself is a general noise that appears in any squeezed light generated from a seeding process. This noise dominates in the squeezed light at acoustic and lower measurement frequencies. A second excess noise source is observed in the twin beams pumped by either a diode laser system or a Ti:sapphire laser system. This excess noise is much stronger in the diode laser systems. It is present in the twin beams at measurement frequencies when the 4WM gain is reduced toward unity. Most of this excess noise can be removed with a dual-seeded 4WM scheme. A third noise source we examine is from a two-beam coupling that degrades the squeezing of the dual-seeded 4WM process at low frequencies of the order of the atomic transition linewidth. This noise can be avoided by seeding skew rays in the 4WM gain region. This gives us an insight to solve this "cross talk" problem by imaging the source in the 4WM gain region. In addition to studying noise sources, we propose a gain-independent calibration scheme that relies on higher order correlation function for the absolute calibration of photodiodes. Having low frequency squeezing is really important if we record quantum images with a CCD camera, which has a slow shutter speed. Also, it's been very difficult for people to get low-frequency squeezing. We obtain a record level of low-frequency squeezing using a simple dual-seeding technique. With this study of noise sources we are closer to having a portable quantum light source using diode lasers.

•Jan 1, 2020•0 citations
We present a scheme based on the use of bright entangled twin beams for the calibration of analog photodiodes, providing an extension of the schemes for calibrating photon-counting detectors with photon pairs. Previous proposals for the calibration of analog photodiodes with entangled beams are based on a stimulated parametric process operating in the low-gain regime. We start by showing that in those proposals it is necessary to know the exact value of the gain as any error in estimating it will lead to an error in the calibration of the quantum efficiency. We then introduce a technique that is independent of the gain, thus eliminating the uncertainty introduced from errors in estimating the gain or experimental fluctuations of parameters that affect the gain. A proof of principle implementation of this technique using bright twin beams obtained from a four-wave mixing process in rubidium vapor shows its viability for the calibration of analog photodiodes.
We study a variety of mechanisms that introduce noise into squeezed light generated by a four-wave mixing (4WM) process in Rb vapor. The noise from the seeding beam itself is a general noise that appears in any squeezed light generated from a seeding process. This noise dominates in the squeezed light at acoustic and lower measurement frequencies. A second excess noise source is observed in the twin beams pumped by either a diode laser system or a Ti:sapphire laser system. This excess noise is much stronger in the diode laser systems. It is present in the twin beams at measurement frequencies when the 4WM gain is reduced toward unity. Most of this excess noise can be removed with a dual-seeded 4WM scheme. A third noise source we examine is from a two-beam coupling that degrades the squeezing of the dual-seeded 4WM process at low frequencies of the order of the atomic transition linewidth. This noise can be avoided by seeding skew rays in the 4WM gain region. This gives us an insight to solve this "cross talk" problem by imaging the source in the 4WM gain region. In addition to studying noise sources, we propose a gain-independent calibration scheme that relies on higher order correlation function for the absolute calibration of photodiodes. Having low frequency squeezing is really important if we record quantum images with a CCD camera, which has a slow shutter speed. Also, it's been very difficult for people to get low-frequency squeezing. We obtain a record level of low-frequency squeezing using a simple dual-seeding technique. With this study of noise sources we are closer to having a portable quantum light source using diode lasers.