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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Boosting the Sensitivity of Matter-wave Interferometers with Nonlinearity

Kunal Das, Brian Kilpatrick, Tomáš Opatrný, Michal Kolář

Published Jun 6, 2013• 0 citations
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We propose a mechanism to use nonlinearity arising from inter-particle interactions to significantly enhance rotation sensitivity of matter-wave interferometers. The method relies on modifying Sagnac interferometers by introducing a weak circular lattice potential that couples modes with opposite orbital angular momenta (OAM). The primary observable comprises of the modal population distributions measured at particular times. This provides an alternate mechanism for rotation sensing that requires substantially smaller ring size, even in the linear non-interacting regime. Nonlinearity can improve the sensitivity, as well as operation timescales, by several orders of magnitude.
We investigate the nonlinearity-assisted quantum tunnelling and formation of nonlinear collective excitations in a matter-wave interferometer, which is realized by the adiabatic transformation of a double-well potential into a single-well harmonic trap. In contrast to the linear quantum tunnelling induced by the crossing (or avoided crossing) of neighbouring energy levels, the quantum tunnelling between different nonlinear eigenstates is assisted by the nonlinear mean-field interaction. When the barrier between the wells decreases, the mean-field interaction aids quantum tunnelling between the ground and excited nonlinear eigenstates. The resulting non-adiabatic evolution depends on the input states. The tunnelling process leads to the generation of dark solitons, and the number of the generated dark solitons is highly sensitive to the matter-wave nonlinearity. The results of the numerical simulations of the matter-wave dynamics are successfully interpreted with a coupled-mode theory for multiple nonlinear eigenstates.
Solitons are long-lived wavepackets that propagate without dispersion and exist in a wide range of one-dimensional (1D) nonlinear systems. A Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a quasi-1D waveguide can support bright-solitary-matter waves (3D analogues of solitons) when interatomic interactions are sufficiently attractive that they cancel dispersion. Solitary-matter waves are excellent candidates for a new generation of highly sensitive interferometers, as their non-dispersive nature allows them to acquire phase shifts for longer times than conventional matter-waves interferometers. However, such an interferometer is yet to be realised experimentally. In this work, we demonstrate the splitting and recombination of a bright-solitary-matter wave on a narrow repulsive barrier, which brings together the fundamental components of an interferometer. We show that both interference-mediated recombination and classical velocity filtering effects are important, but for a sufficiently narrow barrier interference-mediated recombination can dominate. We reveal the extreme sensitivity of interference-mediated recombination to the experimental parameters, highlighting the potential of soliton interferometry.