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Functional renormalization for antiferromagnetism and superconductivity in the Hubbard model

Simon Friederich

Published Jan 1, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Despite its apparent simplicity, the two-dimensional Hubbard model for locally interacting fermions on a square lattice is widely considered as a promising approach for the understanding of Cooper pair formation in the quasi two-dimensional high-Tc cuprate materials. In the present work this model is investigated by means of the functional renormalization group, based on an exact flow equation for the effective average action. In addition to the fermionic degrees of freedom of the Hubbard Hamiltonian, bosonic fields are introduced which correspond to the different possible collective orders of the system, for example magnetism and superconductivity. The interactions between bosons and fermions are determined by means of the method of “rebosonization” (or “flowing bosonization”), which can be described as a continuous, scale-dependent Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation. This method allows an efficient parameterization of the momentumdependent effective two-particle interaction between fermions (four-point vertex), and it makes it possible to follow the flow of the running couplings into the regimes exhibiting spontaneous symmetry breaking, where bosonic fluctuations determine the types of order which are present on large length scales. Numerical results for the phase diagram are presented, which include the mutual influence of different, competing types of order.

DOI
10.11588/heidok.00011488

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Despite its apparent simplicity, the two-dimensional Hubbard model for locally interacting fermions on a square lattice is widely considered as a promising approach for the understanding of Cooper pair formation in the quasi two-dimensional high-Tc cuprate materials. In the present work this model is investigated by means of the functional renormalization group, based on an exact flow equation for the effective average action. In addition to the fermionic degrees of freedom of the Hubbard Hamiltonian, bosonic fields are introduced which correspond to the different possible collective orders of the system, for example magnetism and superconductivity. The interactions between bosons and fermions are determined by means of the method of “rebosonization” (or “flowing bosonization”), which can be described as a continuous, scale-dependent Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation. This method allows an efficient parameterization of the momentumdependent effective two-particle interaction between fermions (four-point vertex), and it makes it possible to follow the flow of the running couplings into the regimes exhibiting spontaneous symmetry breaking, where bosonic fluctuations determine the types of order which are present on large length scales. Numerical results for the phase diagram are presented, which include the mutual influence of different, competing types of order.
The phases with spontaneously broken symmetries corresponding to antiferromagnetic and ddd-wave superconducting order in the two-dimensional $t\ensuremath{-}{t}^{'}$-Hubbard model are investigated by means of the functional renormalization group. The introduction of composite boson fields in the magnetic, charge density, and superconducting channels allows an efficient parametrization of the four-fermion vertex and the study of regimes where either the antiferromagnetic or superconducting order parameter, or both, are nonzero. We compute the phase diagram and the temperature dependence of the order parameter below the critical temperature, where antiferromagnetic and superconducting order show a tendency of mutual exclusion.
The treatment of strongly interacting two-dimensional Fermi systems constitutes one of the most challenging problems in the field of condensed matter physics. Many theoretical works focused on the strongly coupled Hubbard model, since it is expected to capture the most important physics of cuprate superconductors. Due to our methodological improvements and understanding of the frequency dependence of the two-particle vertex function, the functional renormalization group combined with the dynamical mean field theory can now be used to study competing correlations in the strongly interacting regime. While limited to moderate interaction strengths, the functional renormalization group describes efficiently systems with a hierarchy of different energy scales and competing correlations. For instance, it provides definite evidence for d-wave superconductivity in the two-dimensional Hubbard model at moderate coupling. In a first project, we study the frequency dependence of the one-particle irreducible vertex function generated by the functional renormalization group flow. The frequency dependence, which becomes singular for strong interactions, appears to be important already for moderate couplings, and it cannot be represented by separate channels each depending on a single linear combination of frequencies. For strongly interacting systems, the dynamical mean field theory captures strong local correlation effects nonperturbatively. With this approximation, we study the impact of local correlations on the magnetic susceptibility. The local dynamics strongly affects the spin response function and its momentum dependence. In contrast to the widely used random-phase approximation with self-energy corrections that predicts Néel antiferromagnetic order, the local vertex corrections favor an incommensurate order similar to the ordering instability predicted by the Fermi surface geometry, as for weakly interacting systems. The dynamical mean field theory is also used as starting point for the functional renormalization group flow. We demonstrate that, due to our improvements for the parametrization of the vertex function, this approach is actually able to access the strong coupling physics. Moreover, we derive a flow scheme that conserves the local contributions and reduces the truncation error of the flow equations. In the strongly interacting regime, we capture strong d-wave pairing correlations driven by magnetic fluctuations with a mechanism similar to the one observed in the weakly interacting system.
We complement previous functional renormalization group (fRG) studies of the two-dimensional Hubbard model by mean-field calculations. The focus falls on Van Hove filling and the hopping amplitude ${t}^{\ensuremath{'}}/t=0.341$. The fRG data suggest a quantum critical point (QCP) in this region and in its vicinity a singular fermionic self-energy $\mathrm{Im}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}(\ensuremath{\omega})/\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}{\left|\ensuremath{\omega}\right|}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ with $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\approx}0.26$ [K-U. Giering and M. Salmhofer, Self-energy flows in the two-dimensional repulsive Hubbard model, Phys. Rev. B 86, 245122 (2012)]. Here we start a more detailed investigation of this QCP using a bosonic formulation for the effective action, where the bosons couple to the order parameter fields. To this end, we use the channel decomposition of the fermionic effective action developed in C. Husemann and M. Salmhofer, Efficient Parametrization of the Vertex Function, Omega-Scheme, and the (t, t')-Hubbard Model at Van Hove Filling, Phys. Rev. B 79, 195125 (2009), which allows us to perform Hubbard-Stratonovich transformations for all relevant order parameter fields at any given energy scale $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$. We stop the flow at a scale $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ where the correlations of the order parameter field are already pronounced, but the flow is still regular, and derive the effective boson theory. It contains ddd-wave superconducting, magnetic, and density-density interactions. We analyze the resulting phase diagram in the mean-field approximation. We show that the singular fermionic self-energy suppresses gap formation both in the superconducting and magnetic channel already at the mean-field level, thus rounding a first-order transition (without self-energy) to a quantum phase transition (with self-energy). We give a simple effective model that shows the generality of this effect. In the two-dimensional Hubbard model, the effective density-density interaction is peaked at a nonzero frequency, so that solving the mean-field equations already involves a functional equation instead of simply a matrix equation (on a technical level, similar to incommensurate phases). Within a certain approximation, we show that such an interaction leads to a short quasiparticle lifetime.
Partial bosonization of the two-dimensional Hubbard model focuses the functional renormalization flow on channels in which interactions become strong and local order sets in. We compare the momentum structure of the four-fermion vertex, obtained on the basis of a patching approximation, to an effective bosonic description. For parameters in the antiferromagnetic phase near the onset of local antiferromagnetic order, the interaction of the electrons is indeed well described by the exchange of collective bosonic degrees of freedom. The residual four-fermion vertex after the subtraction of the bosonic-exchange contribution is small. We propose that similar partial bosonization techniques can improve the accuracy of renormalization flow studies also for the case of competing order.
We analyze the interplay of antiferromagnetism and pairing in the two-dimensional Hubbard model with a moderate repulsive interaction. Coupled charge, magnetic, and pairing fluctuations above the energy scale of spontaneous symmetry breaking are treated by a functional renormalization group flow, while the formation of gaps and order below that scale is treated in mean-field theory. The full frequency dependences of the interaction vertices and gap functions are taken into account. We compute the magnetic and pairing gap functions as a function of doping ppp and compare with results from a static approximation. In spite of the strong frequency dependences of the effective interactions and of the pairing gap, important physical results from previous static functional renormalization group calculations are confirmed. In particular, there is a sizable doping regime with robust pairing coexisting with N\'eel or incommensurate antiferromagnetism. The critical temperature for magnetic order is interpreted as the pseudogap crossover temperature. Computing the Kosterlitz-Thouless temperature from the superfluid phase stiffness, we obtain a superconducting dome in the (p,T)(p,T)(p,T) phase diagram centered around 15% hole doping.
We present a functional renormalization group analysis of superconductivity in the ground state of the attractive Hubbard model on a square lattice. Spontaneous symmetry breaking is treated in a purely fermionic setting via anomalous propagators and anomalous effective interactions. In addition to the anomalous interactions arising already in the reduced BCS model, effective interactions with three incoming legs and one outgoing leg (and vice versa) occur. We accomplish their integration into the usual diagrammatic formalism by introducing a Nambu matrix for the effective interactions. From a random-phase approximation generalized through use of this matrix we conclude that the impact of the 3+1 effective interactions is limited, especially considering the effective interactions which are important for the determination of the order parameter. The exact hierarchy of flow equations for one-particle irreducible vertex functions is truncated on the two-particle level, with higher-order self-energy corrections included in a scheme proposed by Katanin (2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 115109). Using a parametrization of effective interactions by patches in momentum space, the flow equations can be integrated numerically to the lowest scales without encountering divergences. Momentum-shell as well as interaction-flow cutoff functions are used, including a small external field or a large external field and a counterterm, respectively. Both approaches produce momentum-resolved order parameter values directly from the microscopic model. The size of the superconducting gap is in reasonable agreement with expectations from other studies.