In this paper, we discuss that an observable-based single-system Copenhagen and entanglement-based two-system von Neumann measurement protocols in quantum theory can be made equivalent by considering the second part of the two-system scheme to be a Dirac-type negative sea filling up the first system. Based on this equivalence, and by considering the universe as a computational process, the choice of the apparatus state in the two-system protocol can be identified with the choice of the observable in the single-system scheme as negative sea filling up the observable universe. In particular, the measuring party's state is considered to be evolving backwards in time to the big bang as a nondeterministic computational process, which chooses the acceptable path as a time-reversal process of irreversible computation. The suggested model proposes that the prepared microstate of the universe, or reality, corresponds to the observer's choice, therefore, subjective reality. Thus, this effectively provides a specific description of the subjective universe model previously proposed, which is based on the symmetry breakdown between the Schrodinger and the Heisenberg pictures of quantum theory.
In this paper, we discuss that an observable-based single-system Copenhagen and entanglement-based two-system von Neumann measurement protocols in quantum theory can be made equivalent by considering the second part of the two-system scheme to be a Dirac-type negative sea filling up the first system. Based on this equivalence, and by considering the universe as a computational process, the choice of the apparatus state in the two-system protocol can be identified with the choice of the observable in the single-system scheme as negative sea filling up the observable universe. In particular, the measuring party's state is considered to be evolving backwards in time to the big bang as a nondeterministic computational process, which chooses the acceptable path as a time-reversal process of irreversible computation. The suggested model proposes that the prepared microstate of the universe, or reality, corresponds to the observer's choice, therefore, subjective reality. Thus, this effectively provides a specific description of the subjective universe model previously proposed, which is based on the symmetry breakdown between the Schrodinger and the Heisenberg pictures of quantum theory.
In this paper, we discuss that an observable-based single-system Copenhagen and entanglement-based two-system von Neumann measurement protocols in quantum theory can be made equivalent by considering the second part of the two-system scheme to be a Dirac-type negative sea filling up the first system. Based on this equivalence, and by considering the universe as a computational process, the choice of the apparatus state in the two-system protocol can be identified with the choice of the observable in the single-system scheme as negative sea filling up the observable universe. In particular, the measuring party's state is considered to be evolving backwards in time to the big bang as a nondeterministic computational process, which chooses the acceptable path as a time-reversal process of irreversible computation. The suggested model proposes that the prepared microstate of the universe, or reality, corresponds to the observer's choice, therefore, subjective reality. Thus, this effectively provides a specific description of the subjective universe model previously proposed, which is based on the symmetry breakdown between the Schrodinger and the Heisenberg pictures of quantum theory.
Based on the equivalence of the two different types of measurement protocols and the asymmetry between the Schrodinger and Heisenberg pictures, it has been previously proposed that negative sea fills the universe as a nondeterministic computation - a time-reversal process of the irreversible computations presented since the big bang. The goal of this paper is to extend the proposed subjective universe model, i.e., the universe as a quantum measurement: Motivated by the relationship between quantum theory and classical probability theory with continuity, it is argued that the frame of reference of the observer may be identified with classical probability theory where its choice, along with big bang singularity, should correspond to the quantum observable. That is, the physical version of singularity resolution corresponds to the case, where big bang singularity is equivalent to the continuity of the negative sea, or aether, filling the universe as a frame of reference of the observer. Moreover, based on the holographic principle, we identify the choice of the observer with the degrees of freedom proportional to the Planck area on the horizon. We also discuss that the continuity or infinity present in every formal language of choice acceptable in nondeterministic computation may be associated with the universal grammar proposed by Chomsky in linguistics.
Based on the equivalence of the two different types of measurement protocols and the asymmetry between the Schrödinger and Heisenberg pictures, it has been previously proposed that negative sea fills the universe as a nondeterministic computation - a time-reversal process of the irreversible computations presented since the big bang. The goal of this paper is to extend the proposed subjective universe model, i.e., the universe as a quantum measurement: Motivated by the relationship between quantum theory and classical probability theory with continuity, it is argued that the frame of reference of the observer may be identified with classical probability theory where its choice, along with big bang singularity, should correspond to the quantum observable. That is, the physical version of singularity resolution corresponds to the case, where big bang singularity is equivalent to the continuity of the negative sea, or aether, filling the universe as a frame of reference of the observer. Moreover, based on the holographic principle, we identify the choice of the observer with the degrees of freedom proportional to the Planck area on the horizon. We also discuss that the continuity or infinity present in every formal language of choice acceptable in nondeterministic computation may be associated with the universal grammar proposed by Chomsky in linguistics.
Quantum theory reveals astonishing and counterintuitive phenomena not found in classical physics, such as wave-particle duality, where entities like electrons and photons exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behaviors. In this paper, we leverage advancements in quantum information science to gain new insights into this phenomenon. We specifically examine negative conditional entropy in quantum entanglement, where the selection of the measurement basis appears to ripple backward in time, akin to Dirac's model of an infinite sea of negative energy states filled with electrons, where holes in this sea appear as positrons. We propose that an observer's knowledge of the measurement choice, analogous to a hole in the negative information sea, corresponds to the wave aspect of the system, while the classical outcome aligns with its particle nature. This exploration of the relationship between microscopic quantum phenomena and macroscopic observations offers new perspectives on the mind-matter duality.
Several theories have been advanced recently which appear to offer a resolution to that portion of the measurement problem which previously dealt with a possible reduction of the state vector in a subjective fashion by the brain, mind or consciousness. It now appears, based on both biological and mathematical analysis, that collapse of the wave function always takes place in an objective fashion in the retinal rod-rhodopsin molecule, and that only measured information is ever presented to the brain, mind or consciousness for possible subjective analysis. The remaining portion of the measurement problem has to do with the use and legitimacy of such terms as boundary (Heisenberg or von Neumann cut), information, irreversible, measurement, microscopic, macroscopic, observer (apparatus or measuring system), observed (measured system) and wave function collapse. This portion of the measurement problem may be resolved in two ways. First, by adopting Dirac's theory that it is nature that makes the choice of measuremental result. Second, by the insertion of a mesoscopic bridge between the microscopic and macroscopic worlds, in the existing form of the rhodopsin molecule with its retinal and opsin components.
Information arises out of a communication game played between a sender and receiver of signals. For physical systems, the players may be designated as Nature and the scientist. The average information obtained from a quantum system is given by the von Neumann measurement scheme, which represents a generalization of thermodynamic entropy that is in perfect accord with common sense when considering a mixed state. While testing multiple copies of such a state can reveal information about the choice made by the sender, entropy for an unknown pure state is zero. A related puzzle is how the total information in the universe appears to be increasing over time.1 Zero entropy for an unknown pure state is reasonable inasmuch as once that state has been identified, no further information may be gained from examining its copies. But such an idea will not be reasonable if the game between sender and receiver consists of the former choosing one of a certain number of polarization states (say, for a photon) and supplying several copies to the receiver. In this case, measurements made on the copies reveal information regarding the sender’s choices. If the set of choices is infinite, the ‘information’ generated by the source is unbounded. From the point of view of the preparer of the states, information in the pure state is limited by the ‘relationship’ between source and receiver, and by the precision of the receiver’s measurement apparatus. If the sender chose a polarization state with which the apparatus was synchronized, the receiver could readily recognize the state. In recent papers,2, 3 I have been investigating information obtainable from an unknown pure state within the framework of communication between source and receiver. I propose a measure of entropy that covers both pure and mixed states. In general, entropy has two components. One is informational, related to the pure components of the quantum state, which can vary by receiver. The other component is thermodynamic and independent of the receiver. The increase of information over time is a consequence of the interplay between unitary and non-unitary evolution, which makes it possible to transform one type of information into the other. Such complementarity indicates that a fundamental duality is essential for information. For a two-component elementary mixed state, the most information to be obtained from each measurement is one bit. Each further measurement of identically prepared states will also yield one bit. For an unknown pure state, information represents the choice made by the source from an infinity of choices related to the values of probability amplitudes with respect to the basis components of the receiver’s measurement apparatus. For a two-component pure state, each measurement also provides a maximum of one bit of information. If the source has made available an unlimited number of identically prepared states, the receiver can obtain additional information from each measurement until the probability amplitudes have been correctly estimated. Once that has occurred, unlike the case with a mixed state, no further information will be obtained from testing additional copies of this pure state. These ideas have potential application in the field of quantum computing. Estimates by the receiver can be made by adjusting the basis vectors to move closer to the unknown pure state. In the most general case, the information obtainable from such a state in repeated experiments is potentially infinite. But if the observer learns the value of the pure state, the information associated with the states vanishes. This suggests a fundamental divide between objective and subjective information. This approach is consistent with the positivist view that one cannot speak of information associated with a system except in relation to an experimental arrangement together with the protocol for measurement. The experimental arrangement is thus integral to the amount of information that can be obtained. The informational measure I have proposed resolves the puzzle of entropy increase. We can suppose that, in the begin-