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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Suppresion of modulation transfer signal for two-level atoms with open transition

J. H. Won, Minjeong Seo, Heung‐Ryoul Noh, Long Zhe Li, Jong-Dae Park, Chang‐Ho Cho, Sang Eon Park

Published Jun 16, 2011• 0 citations
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This paper reports the results of a theoretical study on modulation transfer spectroscopy in a system composed of two-level atoms with a non-cycling transition. In the case of a cycling transition, well-known in-phase and quadrature components of the modulation transfer signal could be obtained. In contrast, the modulation transfer signal was suppressed when the transition to a state other than the ground state was turned on. The most important item to consider when observing a strong modulation transfer signal is the long interaction time of atoms with laser light, which can be realized for strong cycling transitions.

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Modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) provides a high-resolution, Doppler-free method for laser frequency stabilization, offering excellent signal-to-noise ratio and robustness, particularly suited for compact thermal atomic clocks. Extending this approach, dual-optical-transition MTS (DOT-MTS) enables the simultaneous stabilization of two optical transitions within a single atomic ensemble, paving the way for multi-wavelength frequency references in integrated systems. Despite its potential, DOT-MTS remains relatively unexplored. In this work, we demonstrate DOT-MTS in a ladder-type configuration using87Rb atoms. Both optical-optical double resonance (OODR) and double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) signals are clearly observed. Through systematic optimization of experimental parameters, the system achieves a self-evaluated short-term frequency stability at the 1E-13 level. These results demonstrate the feasibility of DOT-MTS as a high-performance, compact frequency reference and open a promising avenue toward the development of portable optical clocks.

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Effect of dephasing on modulation transfer in potassium

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Abstract In this work, experimental studies on the effect of dephasing on modulation transfer are reported. Here Potassium D1 transition, i.e., 39K 4S1/2(F) → 4P1/2(F/), is used as the medium. The 4 S→4P connection is modified by introducing two independent lasers. The separation between ground hyperfine states 4S1/2(F = 2,1) is almost half of Doppler width (~ 815 MHz). Hence, the two-level connections satisfied by respective lasers are overlapping in nature. In such cases, the existing optical pumping for particular F = 1, 2→ F/ channel influences each other. Further, the D1 transition itself is an open transition, i.e., it does not have any cyclic decay route. Hence, decay from each of the F/=2,1 states can also influence the population in the other F/state. Our pump-probe spectroscopy results clearly show the presence of Four Wave Mixing due to degenerate two-level and Vee (V) coupling, Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) signals due to single Lambda (Λ) and Double Λ connections. We have studied these signals as a function of dephasing, which is mainly contributed by transit time broadening for two different regimes of pump laser intensities: (i) below and (ii) above saturation intensity level of 4S1/2(F) → 4P1/2(F/) transition. The pump laser is current modulated, and phase-sensitive detection is performed on the probe transmission to study modulation transfer under different values of coherent dephasing. For this purpose, the beam size of the pump laser is varied systematically. This study provides a scope to explore the modulation transfer as a function of transit time broadening, and it may find applications in photonics technology where potassium vapor is used as a medium.

Applied Physics B•Sep 17, 2024•0 citations
This paper reports the results of a theoretical study on modulation transfer spectroscopy in a system composed of two-level atoms with a non-cycling transition. In the case of a cycling transition, well-known in-phase and quadrature components of the modulation transfer signal could be obtained. In contrast, the modulation transfer signal was suppressed when the transition to a state other than the ground state was turned on. The most important item to consider when observing a strong modulation transfer signal is the long interaction time of atoms with laser light, which can be realized for strong cycling transitions.
Modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) provides a high-resolution, Doppler-free method for laser frequency stabilization, offering excellent signal-to-noise ratio and robustness, particularly suited for compact thermal atomic clocks. Extending this approach, dual-optical-transition MTS (DOT-MTS) enables the simultaneous stabilization of two optical transitions within a single atomic ensemble, paving the way for multi-wavelength frequency references in integrated systems. Despite its potential, DOT-MTS remains relatively unexplored. In this work, we demonstrate DOT-MTS in a ladder-type configuration using87Rb atoms. Both optical-optical double resonance (OODR) and double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) signals are clearly observed. Through systematic optimization of experimental parameters, the system achieves a self-evaluated short-term frequency stability at the 1E-13 level. These results demonstrate the feasibility of DOT-MTS as a high-performance, compact frequency reference and open a promising avenue toward the development of portable optical clocks.
Abstract In this work, experimental studies on the effect of dephasing on modulation transfer are reported. Here Potassium D1 transition, i.e., 39K 4S1/2(F) → 4P1/2(F/), is used as the medium. The 4 S→4P connection is modified by introducing two independent lasers. The separation between ground hyperfine states 4S1/2(F = 2,1) is almost half of Doppler width (~ 815 MHz). Hence, the two-level connections satisfied by respective lasers are overlapping in nature. In such cases, the existing optical pumping for particular F = 1, 2→ F/ channel influences each other. Further, the D1 transition itself is an open transition, i.e., it does not have any cyclic decay route. Hence, decay from each of the F/=2,1 states can also influence the population in the other F/state. Our pump-probe spectroscopy results clearly show the presence of Four Wave Mixing due to degenerate two-level and Vee (V) coupling, Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) signals due to single Lambda (Λ) and Double Λ connections. We have studied these signals as a function of dephasing, which is mainly contributed by transit time broadening for two different regimes of pump laser intensities: (i) below and (ii) above saturation intensity level of 4S1/2(F) → 4P1/2(F/) transition. The pump laser is current modulated, and phase-sensitive detection is performed on the probe transmission to study modulation transfer under different values of coherent dephasing. For this purpose, the beam size of the pump laser is varied systematically. This study provides a scope to explore the modulation transfer as a function of transit time broadening, and it may find applications in photonics technology where potassium vapor is used as a medium.