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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Persistent Probability Currents in Non-equilibrium Steady States

Royce K. P. Zia, Andrew Mellor, Mauro Mobilia, Baylor Fox‐Kemper, Jeffrey A. Weiss

Published Mar 17, 2016• 0 citations
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We show that a localized quantum system following an arbitrary stationary trajectory and weakly interacting with a stationary thermal bath of a massless scalar field is generically driven into a non-Gibbs steady state by relative motion alone, even without external driving or multiple baths. Relative motion between the system and the bath modifies the standard Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) relation, preventing relaxation to a Gibbs state. The resulting steady states fall into two distinct classes: (i) nonequilibrium steady states (NESS) with persistent probability currents, and (ii) current-free non-Gibbs steady states characterized by a frequency-dependent effective inverse temperature. We then focus on the simplest stationary trajectory, namely uniform relativistic motion with respect to a thermal bath. Using a three-level system as an illustrative example, we demonstrate that the former class can function as noisy stochastic clocks, while the latter possesses finite nonequilibrium free energy, enabling work extraction or storage, highlighting their potential as quantum batteries.
Persistent current is a hallmark of quantum phase coherence. We study the fate of the persistent current in a non-equilibrium setting, where a tight-binding ring is subjected to stochastic disorder as well as a fermionic reservoir attached to each site. We evaluate the current using Keldysh technique and find that it exhibits non-monotonic behavior, suggesting two distinct mechanisms of decoherence. While coupling to the reservoirs introduces a coherence length scale given by the inverse of the coupling strength, the other mechanism is more subtle and driven by the ratio of noise strength to reservoir coupling. The interplay of noise and reservoir constitutes a purely non-equilibrium steady state with a flatter distribution function that we effectively describe using classical rate equations. We discuss possibilities of realizing our findings in ultracold-atom experiments.
Digital quantum computers offer a promising route for studying complex many-body systems that are otherwise inaccessible by their classical counterparts. Capabilities including mid-circuit measurements and feedback allow for simulating the dynamics of interacting open quantum systems. Using the Quantinuum System Model H1 trapped-ion quantum computer, we experimentally realise quantum trajectories for a two-dimensional system of (interacting) particles-hard-core bosons or fermions-undergoing stochastic driving at a source and drain at opposite corners of a square lattice. We study the non-equilibrium steady state with persistent current resulting from the this in/out flow of particles. The particle statistics, presence of interactions, and introduction of a magnetic field produce measurable effects on the steady state. Our findings highlight the rich physics in this corner driven two-dimensional setup and showcases both the power and current limitations of quantum computers as a platform to study it.