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Optics Express

Low phase noise beams for Raman transitions with a phase modulator and a highly birefringent crystal

N. Arias, V. Abediyeh, Saeed Hamzeloui, E. Gómez

Published Feb 28, 2017• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a technique to excite Raman transitions with minimum phase noise. A phase modulator generates the Raman beams and a long calcite crystal rotates the polarization of the sidebands by 90° with respect to the carrier. That polarization converts the destructive interference of the Raman pairs into constructive interference, opening the possibility to drive both co-propagating and counter-propagating transitions at high detuning with the same setup. The technique has low phase noise and a low sensitivity to vibrations or temperature fluctuations. We apply it to drive velocity insensitive Raman transitions. The crystal can be also configured to filter out one of the sidebands.

DOI
10.1364/oe.25.005290

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We present a technique to excite Raman transitions with minimum phase noise. A phase modulator generates the Raman beams and a long calcite crystal rotates the polarization of the sidebands by 90° with respect to the carrier. That polarization converts the destructive interference of the Raman pairs into constructive interference, opening the possibility to drive both co-propagating and counter-propagating transitions at high detuning with the same setup. The technique has low phase noise and a low sensitivity to vibrations or temperature fluctuations. We apply it to drive velocity insensitive Raman transitions. The crystal can be also configured to filter out one of the sidebands.
Two phase-coherent Raman laser beams with a frequency offset of 6.835 GHz were generated by sideband injection-locking technique. A master diode laser was phase-modulated at 6.835 GHz by a fiber electro-optic modulator. A slave diode was injection-locked to the -1 sideband of the phase-modulated beam, and another diode was locked to the master laser carrier. This method produced stable and spatially separated Raman lasers with a large frequency shift range (>180 MHz). The relative linewidth of these two beams was ∼1 Hz, and the unwanted carrier mode was suppressed down to -24 dB. Stimulated Raman transitions and Ramsey fringes were driven by Raman lasers in a cold atomic beam.
Abstract We demonstrate a detection method based on a relative phase detection in two photon Raman excitation. The two Raman beams going through the sample experience a phase change of opposing sign, which appears as a phase shift of their beat note in a fast detector. This signal is compared to a reference one in a microwave interferometer. We show that this way of measuring the phase change in the optical beams displays a very high phase stability that derives from having both beams sharing exactly the same path and being originated from a single laser. This modulated interferometer is at least 18 600 times more immune to temperature variations than a displaced Sagnac interferometer, something that allows for its operation even in the absence of temperature stabilization. The setup maintains full sensitivity to relative phase changes of pairs of beams such as those present in an Electromagnetic Induced Transparency. Using a co-propagating two photon excitation makes it almost insensitive to atomic or molecular motion and gives narrow spectral features.
A new robust laser system for mobile atom interferometers is reported. Phase modulation of a single diode laser provide two phase-coherent frequencies necessary for the Raman transition in light-pulse atom interferometers. Additional laser frequencies generated by the phase modulation, which would disturb the phase of atom interferometers, is filtered by a Fabry-Perot cavity. The two sidebands of the phase-modulated light is tuned to the adjacent resonances of the cavity and the carrier mode and even-order higher sidebands are filtered. The laser beam is then fed to a single tapered amplifier, and the two sidebands are both amplified without mode competition. The phase noise is lower than that of a state-of-the-art optically phase-locked external-cavity diode laser (-135 dBrad2/Hz at 10 kHz). This technique can be used in all-fiber-based laser systems for future mobile atom interferometers. The laser system has advantage of low phase noise, high mechanical stability, low power consumption and compactness.
We suggest a technique to generate subfemtosecond pulse train in a Raman generator driven by three sufficiently intense single-mode laser beams whose carrier frequencies are tuned off the Raman resonance with two different two-photon detunings. The Raman interaction establishes a molecular modulation through a nonadiabatic process. The simulation based on the first fundamental vibrational Raman transition of solid hydrogen indicates that subfemtosecond pulse train can be generated when the signs of the two-photon detunings are opposite. This opens an experimentally feasible way to observe enhanced generation of broadband Raman sidebands as well as compression of the phase-locked Raman sidebands into subfemtosecond pulse trains in the same Raman media with above- and below-resonance Raman excitations.
Subfemtosecond pulses can be generated in a Raman generator by using electromagnetically induced transparency if ultrabroad Raman sidebands are generated and then propagate in such a way that the generated sidebands at higher frequencies are temporally advanced with regard to those at lower frequencies. However, it was recently demonstrated by experiments [1] that above-resonance Raman excitations ensured the establishment of anti-phased Raman coherence for pulse compression but only very limited number of Raman sidebands could be generated due to Raman self-defocusing [2], while broadband sidebands could be generated under below-resonance Raman excitations, which supported no pulse compression in the same Raman media. In order to establish anti-phased Raman coherence and simultaneously overcome Raman self-defocusing to benefit efficient generation of broadband sidebands, we suggest in this report a new technique to generate sub-fs pulse train in a Raman generator driven by three sufficiently intense single-mode laser beams whose carrier frequencies are tuned off the Raman resonance with two different two-photon detunings. The Raman interaction establishes a molecular modulation through nonadibatic processes. The simulation on the basis of the fundamental rotational Raman transitions in H2 shows that sub-fs pulse can be generated by above-resonance or below-resonance Raman excitations, or even Raman excitations with opposite detunings, as is shown in Fig.1. This opens a new way for experiments to observe enhanced generation of broadband Raman sidebands, together with compression of the phase-locked Raman sidebands into sub-fs pulse trains in the same Raman media
A compact and robust laser system is essential for mobile atom interferometers. Phase modulation can provide the two necessary phase-coherent frequencies without sophisticated phase-locking between two different lasers. However, the additional laser frequencies generated can perturb the atom interferometer. In this article, we report on a novel method to produce a single high-power laser beam composed of two phase-coherent sidebands without the perturbing carrier mode. Light from a diode laser is phase-modulated by using a fiber-coupled electro-optic modulator driven at 3.4 GHz and passes through a Fabry-Perot cavity with a 6.8 GHz free spectral range. The cavity filters the carrier mode to leave the two first-order sidebands for the two-photon Raman transition between the two hyperfine ground states of 87 Rb. The laser beam is then fed to a single tapered amplifier, and the two sidebands are both amplified without mode competition. The phase noise is lower than that of a state-of-the-art optically phase-locked external-cavity diode laser (−135 dBrad 2 /Hz at 10 kHz) at frequencies above 10 Hz. This technique can be used in all-fiber-based laser systems for future mobile atom interferometers.